TABLE 4.

Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for limitations in loneliness, social support and social engagement by number of regions of musculoskeletal pain

	Loneliness		Perceived insufficient social support		Not socially engaged
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
No MSK pain (n = 784)	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Any MSK pain (n = 4193)
Model 1	2.01	1.68–2.38	2.02	1.45–2.82	1.00	0.84–1.18
Model 2	1.62	1.33–1.97	1.55	1.10–2.21	0.83	0.69–1.00
Pain in one region (n = 1480)
Model 1	1.58	1.30–1.92	1.34	0.92–1.97	0.91	0.75–1.09
Model 2	1.55	1.25–1.92	1.28	0.88–1.89	0.88	0.72–1.07
Pain in two regions (n = 1415)
Model 1	1.85	1.52–2.25	2.20	1.53–3.16	0.93	0.77–1.13
Model 2	1.56	1.25–1.94	1.84	1.26–2.68	0.78	0.63–1.00
Widespread pain (n = 1298)
Model 1	2.83	2.33–3.45	2.63	1.84–3.77	1.19	0.98–1.44
Model 2	1.94	1.53–2.46	1.71	1.14–2.56	0.80	0.63–1.00

Note: Model 1: Unadjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, living alone, education level, IMD, number of health conditions, severity of pain, mobility limitations.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; CI, confidence interval; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; MSK, musculoskeletal; OR, odds ratio.