TABLE 2.
Relative outcomes of the five included studies
| Change of cognition throughout intervention duration | Post‐intervention cognitive scores (mean [SD]) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Sample size(N) Intervention/Control | Intervention (mean [SD]) | Control (mean [SD]) | SMD (95% CI) | Intervention (mean [SD]) | Control (mean [SD]) | SMD (95% CI) |
| Cai et al. 22 | 27/23 | 2 (1.29) | −0.18 (0.744) | 2.03(1.34,2.72) | 28.85 (1.05) | 26.91 (1.16) | 1.76 (1.10,2.42) |
| Callisaya et al. 25 | 24/23 | 0.14 (0.066) | −0.01 (0.066) | 2.26(1.52,3.00) | 0.2 (0.539) | −0.08 (0.576) | 0.50 (−0.08,1.08) |
| Espeland et al. 24 | 554/537 | −0.044 (0.471) | −0.046 (0.463) | 0.00(‐0.11,0.12) | 0.177 (0.682) | 0.277 (0.695) | −0.15 (−0.26,‐0.03) |
| Espeland et al. 23 | 199/216 | 0.028 (0.663) | −0.121 (0.661) | 0.23(0.03,0.42) | |||
| Espeland et al. 26 | 499/479 | 92.25 (5.94) | 92.19 (6.66) | 0.01 (−0.12,0.13) | |||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; SMD, standardized mean difference.