TABLE 1.
Characteristics of all included participants and their lithium groups from 2001 to 2019
| Characteristics |
All participants (N = 466) |
<0.4 mmol/L (n = 153) |
0.4–0.8 mmol/L (n = 287) |
0.8–1.2 mmol/L (n = 26) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 42.25 ± 14.90 | 40.52 ± 14.70 | 43.21 ± 14.88 | 41.86 ± 15.98 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 245 (52.6) | 87 (56.9) | 145 (50.5) | 13 (50.0) |
| Male | 221 (47.4) | 66 (43.1) | 142 (49.5) | 13 (50.0) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Heart diseases | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cerebral vascular diseases | 9 (1.9) | 1 (0.7) | 8 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Peripheral vascular diseases | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Any bleeding | 32 (6.9) | 7 (4.6) | 25 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Pulmonary diseases | 17 (3.7) | 4 (2.6) | 13 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| Peptic ulcer diseases | 22 (4.7) | 5 (3.3) | 17 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Liver diseases | 28 (6.0) | 6 (3.9) | 21 (7.3) | 1 (3.9) |
| Renal diseases | 5 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 35 (7.5) | 9 (5.9) | 23 (8.0) | 3 (11.5) |
| Hypertension | 45 (9.7) | 9 (5.9) | 33 (11.5) | 3 (11.5) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 31 (6.7) | 9 (5.9) | 21 (7.3) | 1 (3.9) |
| Rheumatic diseases | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Any cancer | 6 (1.3) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (1.4) | 1 (3.9) |
| Medications | ||||
| Mood stabilizers | ||||
| Carbamazepine | 27 (5.8) | 13 (8.5) | 12 (4.2) | 2 (7.7) |
| Lamotrigine | 38 (8.2) | 9 (5.9) | 26 (9.1) | 3 (11.5) |
| Valproic acid | 144 (30.9) | 43 (28.1) | 93 (32.4) | 8 (30.8) |
| Antidepressants | 164 (35.2) | 51 (33.3) | 103 (35.9) | 10 (38.5) |
| Antipsychotics | 340 (73.0) | 114 (74.5) | 206 (71.8) | 20 (76.9) |
| Benzodiazepines | 350 (75.1) | 113 (73.9) | 218 (76.0) | 19 (73.1) |
Data was expressed as N (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation.