FIGURE 2.

Vorinostat reduced IL‐1α‐induced production of mitochondrial ROS, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in human T/C‐28a2 cells. Cells were stimulated with 5 ng/ml IL‐1α in the presence or absence of vorinostat (100 and 200 nM) for 24 h. (A). The level of mitochondrial ROS was assayed using MitoSOX Red. Scale bar = 100 μm (B). Level of IL‐6 measured by ELISA (C). Level of TNF‐α measured by ELISA (N = 5, ****p < 0.001 versus the vehicle group; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005 vs. the IL‐1α group). ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; IL, interleukin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF‐α, tumour necrosis factor α