TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics, questionnaire results and average sleep and activity variables. If data were missing, the number of participants that data were available for is reported
| Variable | Mean | SD | Min–max/N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 40.0 | 12.9 | 19.1–68.7 |
| Gender (male) | 47 (73.4) | ||
| Time since injury (months) | 54.9a | 56.4 | 3.2–250.7 |
| PTA duration (days) | 29.9c | 29.7 | 0.0–150.0 |
| Current employment (yes) | 18 (28.1) | ||
| Education (years) | 14.7 | 3.0 | 8–19 b |
| Living independently or with family | 63 (100)b | ||
| Current medication use | 39 (61.9)b | ||
| Pain medication | 18 (28.6)b | ||
| Antidepressants | 24 (38.1)b | ||
| Anti‐epileptic drugs | 7 (11.1)b | ||
| Questionnaires | |||
| PSQI global (sleep problems) | 9.6 | 4.1 | 2.0–21.0 |
| Clinically significant (>5) | 52 (81.2) | ||
| ESS (daytime sleepiness) | 8.2 | 4.4 | 0.0–18.0 |
| Clinically significant (≥11) | 25 (39.1) | ||
| HADS – depression | 8.7 | 4.5 | 0–22b |
| Clinically significant (≥8) | 42 (66.7)b | ||
| HADS – anxiety | 8.0 | 4.3 | 0–16b |
| Clinically significant (≥8) | 39 (61.9)b | ||
| FSS (fatigue) | 5.4 | 1.3 | 0–18 |
| Clinically significant (≥4) | 58 (90.6) | ||
| Sleep variables | |||
| Bedtime (clock time 24 h; h) | 23:41 | 1.44 | 21:04–03:31 |
| Wake‐up time (clock time 24 h; h) | 7:45 | 1.24 | 05:47–11:00 |
| Time in bed (h) | 8.0 | 1.1 | 5.1–10.3 |
| Total sleep time (h) | 7.0 | 1.0 | 4.5–9.6 |
| Sleep onset latency (min) | 28.7 | 22.9 | 3.3–129.8 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 79.2 | 7.1 | 58.0–91.3 |
| Wake after sleep onset (min) | 60.1 | 22.2 | 16.3–135.5 |
| Number of participants taking a nap | 32 (50.0) | ||
| Number of naps | 5.5 | 4.1 | 1.0–16.0 |
| Average nap duration (min) | 63.3 | 36.8 | 14.5–156.3 |
| Activity variables | |||
| Overall activity (counts) | 296.2 | 102.5 | 114.1–544.2 |
| Activity counts in the 5 h before bedtime | 221.3 | 96.6 | 73.7–460.2 |
| Sedentary (min) | 350.2 | 121.5 | 156.7–800.1 |
| Inactive (min) | 340.6 | 69.3 | 189.9–462.4 |
| Light activity (min) | 179.9 | 89.2 | 42.4–404.1 |
| Moderate activity (min) | 3.8 | 5.7 | 0.0–24.8 |
| Vigorous activity (min) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0–1.5 |
| Average number of hours per day | 14.6 | 1.1 | 12.5–18.0 |
Abbreviations: ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PTA, post‐traumatic amnesia; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD, standard deviation; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
a
Missing data for two participants.
b
Missing data for one participant.
c
Missing data for four participants.