Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Overall (n = 583) | Survivors (n = 464) | Non-survivors (n = 119) | P | |
| Age, yr | 75.0 [65.0–81.0] | 74.0 [65.0–80.0] | 76.0 [68.0–82.0] | .026 |
| Sex, male | 332 (56.9) | 251 (54.1) | 81 (68.1) | .007 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 292 (50.1) | 234 (50.4) | 58 (48.7) | .821 |
| Diabetes | 195 (33.4) | 158 (34.1) | 37 (31.1) | .616 |
| Heart failure | 43 (7.4) | 33 (7.1) | 10 (8.4) | .776 |
| Chronic lung disease | 43 (7.4) | 31 (6.7) | 12 (10.1) | .284 |
| Chronic renal disease | 64 (11.0) | 46 (9.9) | 18 (15.1) | .145 |
| Chronic liver disease | 32 (5.5) | 25 (5.4) | 7 (5.9) | .822 |
| Malignancy | 71 (12.2) | 59 (12.7) | 12 (10.1) | .530 |
| Dementia | 152 (26.1) | 119 (25.6) | 33 (27.7) | .730 |
| CCI | 4.0 [3.0–6.0] | 4.0 [3.0–6.0] | 5.0 [3.0–6.0] | .072 |
| Transferred from other facility | 321 (55.1) | 246 (53.0) | 75 (63.0) | .064 |
| LTCF | 130 (22.3) | 97 (20.9) | 33 (27.7) | .141 |
| Suspected infection focus | ||||
| Respiratory tract infection | 283 (48.5) | 208 (44.8) | 75 (63.0) | <.001 |
| Urinary tract infection | 69 (11.8) | 67 (14.4) | 2 (1.7) | <.001 |
| Intra-abdominal infection | 136 (23.3) | 118 (25.4) | 18 (15.1) | .024 |
| Initial vital signs | ||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 116.0 [95.0–141.0] | 115.0 [94.0–139.8] | 117.0 [99.0–149.0] | .143 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 66.0 [55.0–79.0] | 66.0 [54.0–79.0] | 66.0 [57.0–79.0] | .441 |
| Heart rate, /min | 104.0 [89.0–122.0] | 104.0 [89.0–120.0] | 108.0 [91.0–127.0] | .114 |
| Respiration rate, /min | 24.0 [20.0–32.0] | 24.0 [20.0–30.0] | 28.0 [22.0–34.0] | .002 |
| Body temperature, °C | 37.5 [36.7–38.3] | 37.6 [36.8–38.5] | 37.1 [36.4–37.9] | <.001 |
| SpO2, % | 95.0 [89.0–97.0] | 95.0 [90.0–97.0] | 91.0 [82.0–96.0] | <.001 |
| Glasgow coma scale | 15.0 [9.0–15.0] | 15.0 [10.0–15.0] | 13.0 [8.0–15.0] | .042 |
| Initial laboratory data | ||||
| WBC, /mm3 | 10.9 [7.5–17.0] | 11.1 [7.5–16.9] | 10.9 [6.8–17.0] | .757 |
| ALB, g/dL | 2.9 [2.4–3.3] | 2.9 [2.5–3.3] | 2.5 [2.1–3.1] | <.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 24.0 [16.0–37.0] | 24.0 [16.0–36.8] | 25.0 [17.0–43.0] | .189 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 13.9 [5.5–20.9] | 14.0 [5.4–21.2] | 13.8 [5.5–20.1] | .764 |
| LAC, mmol/L | 2.7 [1.8–4.3] | 2.7 [1.8–4.2] | 3.2 [2.0–5.0] | .041 |
| LDH, U/L | 493.0 [378.0–658.0] | 486.5 [374.5–621.3] | 542.0 [401.0–783.0] | .006 |
| ALB-based ratio | ||||
| BUN/ALB ratio | 8.6 [5.5–14.2] | 8.3 [5.4–13.5] | 10.9 [5.9–17.3] | .008 |
| CRP/ALB ratio | 5.0 [1.7–8.6] | 4.9 [1.7–7.5] | 5.5 [1.8–9.2] | .184 |
| LAC/ALB ratio | 1.00 [0.65–1.53] | 0.93 [0.64–1.42] | 1.21 [0.84–2.00] | <.001 |
| LDH/ALB ratio | 173.4 [131.3–251.2] | 166.9 [127.2–233.1] | 214.7 [160.2–309.7] | <.001 |
| Severity scales | ||||
| MEWS | 4.0 [3.0–6.0] | 4.0 [3.0–6.0] | 4.0 [3.0–6.0] | .595 |
| MEDS | 10.0 [8.0–13.0] | 10.0 [6.0;13.0] | 12.0 [9.0–15.5] | <.001 |
| APACHE II (ICU) | 20.0 [14.0–25.0] | 19.0 [13.0–24.0] | 24.0 [18.0–30.0] | <.001 |
| Interventions | ||||
| Vasopressors | 327 (56.1) | 243 (52.4) | 84 (70.6) | <.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 288 (49.4) | 204 (44.0) | 84 (70.6) | <.001 |