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. 2021 Oct 15;95(2):527–538. doi: 10.1007/s00420-021-01793-w

Table 3.

Reports of back pain according to the explanatory variables

Variables Presence of pain p*
n %
Appearance of back pain 8823 57.8
Sociodemographic characteristics
Sex < 0.001
 Male 1326 47.6
 Female 7497 60.0
Age < 0.001
 21–43 years 4509 56.1
 44–77 years 4314 59.6
Schooling < 0.001
 With post-graduate education 6811 58.9
 Without post-graduate education 2012 54.1
Marital situation and children 0.007
 Without partner and without children 1425 54.8
 Without partner and with children 1480 59.1
 With partner and without children 918 58.2
 With partner and with children 5000 58.2
Characteristics of teaching work
Working time as a teacher < 0.001
 Up to 15 years 4826 54.9
 16 years or more 3997 61.6
Weekly working hours before the pandemic < 0.001
 Up to 20 h 2301 53.6
 Between 21 and 40 h 5610 58.8
 41 h or more 912 63.2
Number of teaching stages in which they operate 0.017
 1 stage 5856 57.0
 2 stages 2809 59.4
 3 stages 158 59.2
Another paid activity 0.076
 No 5758 57.4
 Yes, other school 2217 59.2
 Yes, other activity 848 56.2
Overload of teaching work during the pandemic < 0.001
 No 1227 39.9
 Yes 7596 62.3
Number of digital tools used < 0.001
 Up to 3 tools 3572 55.6
 4 or 5 tools 4162 59.1
 6 or more tools 1089 59.8
Number of difficulties faced in distance teaching < 0.001
 None 557 42.1
 Up to 2 3297 52.0
 3 or more 4969 65.2
Health situation, habits and behaviors during the pandemic
Negative changes in quality of life < 0.001
 No 2227 44.2
 Yes 6596 64.4
Negative changes in health status < 0.001
 No 3762 45.0
 Yes 5061 73.2
Negative changes in sleep quality < 0.001
 No 3832 46.0
 Yes 4991 71.8
Frequent feeling of sadness, depression or anxiety < 0.001
 No 3911 46.6
 Yes 4912 71.4
Use of medications to relax, sleep or against stress/anxiety/depression < 0.001
 No 5436 51.3
 Yes 3387 72.4
Physical activity < 0.001
 Stayed active 1361 46.4
 Positive changes 1403 52.0
 Stayed inactive 3576 64.7
 Negative changes 2483 60.4
Increased body weight < 0.001
 No 3163 49.3
 Yes 5660 63.8
Reduction of leisure time < 0.001
 No 1728 45.4
 Yes 7095 61.9
Increased time watching television < 0.001
 No 4530 56.5
 Yes 4293 59.1
Increased time spent using a computer or tablet < 0.001
 No 554 41.4
 Yes, within 5 h 4016 52.4
 Sim, 6 h or more 4253 67.8
Overload of domestic work < 0.001
 No 2093 44.4
 Yes 6730 63.7

*Pearson's chi-square test (p ≤ 0.20)