Table 3.
Results of models examining the association between dengue incidence and greenness, controlling for socioeconomic and environmental covariates.
| (1)IRR | (2)IRR | (3)IRR | (4)IRR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fix effects | ||||
| Greenness (-10–10) | 0.834*** [0.789,0.882] |
0.949 [0.878,1.025] |
0.915** [0.843,0.994] |
1.316*** [1.108,1.564] |
| Vulnerability (HVI, 0–10) | 1.254*** [1.162,1.354] |
1.269*** [1.176,1.368] |
1.824*** [1.509,2.205] |
|
| Greenness × Vulnerability | 0.879*** [0.825,0.938] |
|||
| Population density (people/hectare) | 0.9998*** [0.9997,0.9998] |
0.9998*** [0.9997,0.9998] |
0.9997*** [0.9997,0.9998] |
|
| Average building height (m) | 0.982 [0.960,1.005] |
0.980 [0.956,1.005] |
0.985 [0.963,1.007] |
|
| % building footprint | 1.017*** [1.013,1.022] |
1.017*** [1.013,1.022] |
1.017*** [1.013,1.022] |
|
| % forest | 1.007* [1.000,1.015] |
1.007* [0.999,1.016] |
1.005 [0.998,1.012] |
|
| % non-forest natural land | 1.017 [0.980,1.055] |
1.020 [0.983,1.058] |
1.010 [0.976,1.045] |
|
| % farmland | 0.987*** [0.980,0.995] |
0.988*** [0.981,0.995] |
0.992** [0.984,0.999] |
|
| Average elevation (m) | 0.993*** [0.992,0.995] |
0.994*** [0.992,0.995] |
0.993*** [0.992,0.994] |
|
| Relative humidity (%) | 0.707*** [0.605,0.827] |
0.699*** [0.598,0.817] |
0.700*** [0.600,0.816] |
|
| Total precipitation (mm/year) | 1.012 [0.997,1.027] |
1.010 [0.995,1.025] |
1.016** [1.000,1.032] |
|
| Temperature (°C) | 0.775* [0.593,1.013] |
0.784* [0.601,1.023] |
0.775* [0.596,1.008] |
|
| Random effects+ | ||||
| var(Greenness) | 0.050*** [0.022,0.115] |
|||
| var(Intercept) | 1.101*** [0.952,1.272] |
0.560*** [0.461,0.680] |
0.689*** [0.420,1.129] |
0.532*** [0.440,0.644] |
| Controls | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Random intercept | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Random slope | No | No | Yes | No |
| Confidence interval | Neighborhood-cluster-robust | Neighborhood- cluster-robust | Neighborhood- cluster-robust | Neighborhood- cluster-robust |
| Number of observations | 3826 | 3826 | 3826 | 3826 |
Note: A coefficient, or incidence rate ratio (IRR), is the factor by which the dengue incidence (dengue cases per 100,000 residents) changes for a one-unit increase in the corresponding covariate when holding other covariates constant. Vulnerability is measured by the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) that encompasses infrastructure indicators related to basic sanitation and socioeconomic status of residents, recorded by the 2010 census. *, **, and *** indicate significant at p-value < 0.10, p-value < 0.05, and p-value < 0.01. 95% confidence intervals are in square brackets.
+Random effects are the variances of log-transformed coefficients (IRRs).