Table 2.

Comparisons of cohorts in recent ophthalmological studies

End points	Cohorts
	Atomic bomb survivors	Mayak workers	Radiologic technologists
Countries	Japan	Russia	US
Rounded number of eligible study participants	900–10,000	21,000	70,000
Male:female	one to 2	three to 1	one to 3
Follow-up	≤60 yearsa	≤60 yearsb	≤92 yearsc
Mean follow-up	≤60 yearsa	>30 yearsb	>10 yearsc
Medical information	Biennial health exams	Annual health exams	Periodic questionnaire surveysd
Exposure scenarios	Acute	Chronic	Protracted
Dose evaluated	Eye absorbed dosee	Hp(10)f	Lens absorbed doseg
Mean dose	~0.5 Gye	~0.5 Svf	~0.06 Gyg
Radiation cataracts in aggregate	Significantly increased	Significantly increased	Significantly increased
Radiation posterior subcapsular cataracts	Significantly increased	Significantly increased	N.A.
Radiation cortical cataracts	Significantly increased	Significantly increased	N.A.
Radiation nuclear cataracts	N.S.	Significantly increased	N.A.
Radiation cataract surgery	Significantly increased	N.S.	N.S.
Radiation glaucoma in aggregate	Significantly decreased	N.A.	N.S.
Radiation primary glaucoma	N.A.	N.S.	N.A.
Radiation primary open-angle glaucoma	N.A.	N.S.	N.A.
Radiation primary open-angle normal-tention glaucoma	Significantly increased	N.A.	N.A.
Radiation primary open-angle high-tention glaucoma	N.S.	N.A.	N.A.
Radiation primary angle-closure glaucoma	N.S.	N.A.	N.A.
Radiation diabetic retinopathy	Significantly increased	N.A.	N.A.
Radiation macular degeneration	N.S.	N.A.	N.S.

NA, not available; NS, not significant.

^aThose exposed in 1945 were followed up through 2005.

^bThose first employed in 1948–1982 were followed up through 2008.

^cThose certified as radiologic technologists for ≥2 years in 1928–1982 were followed up through 2014.

^dSelf-reporting but by medically literate individuals.

^eAccording to the Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02).²⁴

^fAccording to the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008 (MWDS–2008).²⁵

^gAccording to the updated and improved dosimetry.²⁶