Table 1.

Some examples and reviews of unique features of the response to particle beam exposures

Unique Response	Reference
Differential X-ray and particle beam phosphoproteome DNA damage response, cell-to-cell signaling & metabolic processes	Winter et al., 201781
Carbon ions combined with a hedgehog inhibitor are more effective than X-rays in decreasing medulloblastoma and prostate cancer cell survival and metastasis	Koningset al., 201982
Carbon ions were more effective than X-rays in decreasing motility genes in prostate and colon cancer cells	Suetens et al., 201583
Carbon irradiations induced large interstitial chromosome deletions throughout the genome of T-cell lymphoma cells, but only infrequently after X-ray exposures	Blyth et al., 201584.
Carbon ion, but not X-ray irradiation suppresses migration and invasiveness of human pancreatic carcinoma cells MIAPa via Rac1 and RhoA degradation via Ub-mediated proteosomal degradation	Fujita et al., 201585
Photon irradiation enhances the phosphorylation of AKT, whereas carbon ion irradiation decreases it, leading to a reduction of HIF-1α resistance in normoxia	Harada et al., 201386 Ogata et al,201187
Review of differences between photon and particle beam effects on hypofractionation, radiogenomics, combined chemo- and immune-therapies and late toxicities due to changes in the microenvironment	Durante et al. 201488
Review of temporal and spatial dose variables on low-LET electron versus high-LET stopping protons on differential normal tissues and tumor effects	Mazal et al., 202089
Review of available evidence indicating that particle beams are more effective than X-rays when used in combination with immunotherapy	Durante &Formenti, 202090

LET, linear energy transfer.