Table 1.
Possible medicinal plants used for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
| Scientific name | Family name | Constituents | Mechanism/outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malva sylvestrisL. | Malvaceae | Polysaccharides | Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg/Vitaceae Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg/Vitaceae Emollient/potent antitussive activity |
[54] |
| Aloe barbadensis Mill. | Asphodelaceae | HF1Z (polysaccharide) | Emollient/potent antitussive activity | [54] |
| Salvia officinalisL. | Lamiaceae | Polysaccharide | Emollient/potent antitussive activity | [54] |
| Cynara scolymusL. | Compositae | Cynaroside | ACE inhibition/IC50 = 49.7% | [65,66] |
| Erigeron abajoensis Cronquist | Compositae | Flavone (Scutellari | ACE inhibition | [67] |
| Hibiscus sabdariffaL. | Malvaceae | Anthocyanins | ACE inhibition/decrease serum angiotensin-converting enzyme, decrease plasma aldosterone | [68] |
| Hancornia speciosa Gomes | Apocynaceae | Chlorogenic acid | ACE inhibition | [69] |
| Isatis indigotica | Brassicaceae | Phenol (indigo, sinigrin, aloe emodin, hesperetin, Sinigrin), 2,2-Di (3-indolyl)- 3-indolone, Phaitanthrin D | SARS-3CLpro inhibition/IC50 = 53.8 ± 4.2 μg/mL | [70] |
| Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. | Betulaceae | Diarylheptanoid (Hirsutenone) | PLpro inhibition/IC50 = 4.1 μM | [71] |
| Paulownia tomentosa Steud. | Paulowniaceae | Geranylated flavonoids | PLpro inhibition/IC50 = 5.0–14.4 μM | [72] |
| Torreya Nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc. | Taxaceae | Biflavone [Amentoflavone (9)], Authentic flavones (Apigenin) | SARS-3CLpro inhibition/62% at 100 μg/mL | [73] |
| Citrus Spp. | Rutaceae | Hesperetin, hesperidin Rhoifolin, Neohesperidin | SARS-3CLpro inhibition in dose-dependent manner | [74] |
| Psoralea corylifoliaL. | Fabaceae | Bavachinin, neobavaisoflavone, isobavachalcone, 40 -Omethylbavachalcone, psoralidin, corylifol A | PLpro inhibition/dose dependent manner (IC50 between 4.2 and 38.4 μM) | [59] |
| Artemisia capillaries Thunb. | Compositae | Capillarisin (flavone) | Decrease TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, and IL-6/antipyretic | [75] |
| Angelica decursiva. | Apiaceae | Columbianadin | Decrease IL-1β, NO/decrease airway inflammation | [76] |
| Glycyrrhiza glabraL. | Leguminosae | Arabinogalactan protein | Spasmolytic activity, protective effects on mucous/# citric acid-induced cough Guinea pigs | [77] |