Table 1.
Demography, anthropometry, clinical characteristics and long-term exposure to NO2 and PM10 of the population included in the study.
| Pius Hospital de Valls | Hospital Verge de la Cinta (Tortosa) | Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (Reus) |
Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Hospital Sant Pau i Santa Tecla (Tarragona) |
Hospital del Vendrell | Hospital Santa Creu Sant Pau Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron Hospital del Mar Hospital HM Delfos (Barcelona) |
Hospital de Santa Caterina (Girona) | Althaia (Manresa) |
Hospital Comarcal de Blanes | Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa | Hospital Moises Broggi (Sant Joan Despí) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 81 | 62 | 143 | 172 | 112 | 572 | 220 | 248 | 100 | 302 | 100 |
| Sex (female) | 28 (34.6%) | 27 (43.5%) | 57 (39.9%) | 58 (33.7%) | 47 (42.0%) | 282 (49.3%) | 76 (34.5%) | 102 (41.1%) |
42 (42.0%) | 153 (50.7%) | 34 (34.0%) |
| Age | 64.0 [51.0;76.0] | 69.0 [57.0;75.8] | 64.0 [55.0;77.0] | 70.0 [57.0;78.2] | 72.0 [56.8;82.0] | 65.5 [53.0;79.0] | 66.0 [53.0;81.0] | 72.0 [61.0;80.0] | 62.0 [53.8;74.2] | 70.0 [59.0;80.0] | 50.5 [43.0;56.2] |
| Smoker | 4 (14.8%) | 2 (3.39%) | 6 (4.65%) | 7 (4.27%) | 7 (7.37%) | 32 (5.68%) | 16 (7.66%) | 12 (4.84%) | 6 (6.59%) | 8 (2.68%) | 5 (5.00%) |
| Personal history of diseases | |||||||||||
| High Blood Pressure | 34 (42.0%) | 36 (58.1%) | 73 (51.0%) | 93 (54.1%) | 60 (53.6%) | 293 (51.4%) | 107 (48.6%) | 131 (52.8%) | 47 (47.5%) | 158 (52.3%) | 21 (21.0%) |
| Diabetes | 16 (19.8%) | 21 (33.9%) | 37 (25.9%) | 47 (27.3%) | 21 (18.8%) | 127 (22.2%) | 54 (24.5%) | 71 (28.6%) | 30 (30.0%) | 54 (17.9%) | 16 (16.0%) |
| Obesity | 9 (45.0%) | 23 (42.6%) | 16 (26.7%) | 47 (28.8%) | 16 (22.5%) | 179 (32.7%) | 59 (28.5%) | 40 (16.8%) | 30 (41.1%) | 80 (30.9%) | 19 (19.2%) |
| Coronary Heart Disease | 2 (2.50%) | 5 (8.06%) | 6 (4.20%) | 22 (12.8%) | 11 (9.82%) | 67 (11.7%) | 25 (11.4%) | 17 (6.85%) | 13 (13.0%) | 26 (8.61%) | 2 (2.00%) |
| Stroke | 1 (1.23%) | 3 (4.84%) | 10 (6.99%) | 10 (5.81%) | 3 (2.68%) | 44 (7.69%) | 14 (6.36%) | 15 (6.05%) | 8 (8.00%) | 24 (7.95%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease | 2 (2.47%) | 1 (1.61%) | 5 (3.50%) | 12 (6.98%) | 1 (0.89%) | 29 (5.07%) | 17 (7.73%) | 19 (7.66%) | 4 (4.00%) | 9 (2.98%) | |
| Heart Failure | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (3.23%) | 8 (5.59%) | 16 (9.30%) | 10 (8.93%) | 50 (8.74%) | 36 (16.4%) | 21 (8.47%) | 9 (9.00%) | 27 (8.94%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| COPD/Asthma | 8 (9.88%) | 6 (9.68%) | 13 (9.09%) | 28 (16.3%) | 25 (22.3%) | 102 (17.9%) | 50 (22.7%) | 42 (16.9%) | 17 (17.0%) | 61 (20.2%) | 9 (9.00%) |
| Chronic Liver disease | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 8 (5.59%) | 8 (4.65%) | 0 (0.00%) | 12 (2.10%) | 4 (1.82%) | 10 (4.03%) | 2 (2.00%) | 11 (3.64%) | 3 (3.00%) |
| Chronic Kidney disease | 5 (6.17%) | 2 (3.23%) | 14 (9.79%) | 12 (6.98%) | 14 (12.5%) | 57 (9.98%) | 26 (11.8%) | 40 (16.1%) | 9 (9.00%) | 32 (10.6%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| Rheumatologic disease | 4 (4.94%) | 2 (3.23%) | 6 (4.20%) | 6 (3.51%) | 4 (3.57%) | 34 (5.95%) | 5 (2.27%) | 12 (4.84%) | 1 (1.00%) | 25 (8.28%) | 4 (4.00%) |
| Cancer | 11 (13.6%) | 5 (8.06%) | 16 (11.2%) | 28 (16.3%) | 17 (15.2%) | 48 (8.42%) | 27 (12.3%) | 41 (16.5%) | 7 (7.00%) | 37 (12.3%) | 1 (1.00%) |
| Clinical outcomes | |||||||||||
| Intensive Care Unit Hospitalization | 9 (11.1%) | 18 (29.0%) | 32 (22.4%) | 43 (25.0%) | 1 (0.89%) | 72 (12.6%) | 38 (17.4%) | 55 (22.2%) | 11 (11.0%) | 30 (9.93%) | 13 (13.0%) |
| Fever | 77 (95.1%) | 55 (88.7%) | 126 (88.1%) | 147 (85.5%) | 91 (82.0%) | 446 (78.0%) | 190 (86.4%) | 207 (84.5%) | 87 (87.9%) | 251 (83.1%) | 84 (84.0%) |
| Cough | 49 (60.5%) | 50 (80.6%) | 108 (75.5%) | 117 (68.0%) | 89 (80.2%) | 395 (69.2%) | 127 (62.9%) | 178 (72.7%) | 71 (71.0%) | 196 (64.9%) | 67 (67.0%) |
| Dyspnea | 25 (30.9%) | 39 (62.9%) | 96 (68.1%) | 106 (61.6%) | 80 (71.4%) | 312 (54.6%) | 159 (72.6%) | 138 (56.3%) | 67 (68.4%) | 150 (49.7%) | 66 (66.0%) |
| Bilateral alteration Thorax X ray | 58 (71.6%) | 52 (83.9%) | 105 (73.9%) | 138 (80.2%) | 81 (72.3%) | 362 (63.4%) | 162 (73.6%) | 215 (87.8%) | 77 (77.0%) | 224 (74.9%) | 87 (87.0%) |
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 11 (13.6%) | 14 (22.6%) | 61 (43.0%) | 68 (39.5%) | 15 (13.4%) | 122 (21.4%) | 70 (31.8%) | 136 (54.8%) | 19 (19.2%) | 77 (25.6%) | 17 (17.3%) |
| Respiratory Failure | 14 (17.3%) | 10 (38.5%) | 62 (43.4%) | 43 (28.1%) | 37 (33.0%) | 73 (26.1%) | 80 (37.9%) | 92 (41.1%) | 19 (20.2%) | 65 (25.5%) | 11 (22.9%) |
| High-Flow Mechanical Ventilation | 2 (2.47%) | 4 (6.45%) | 12 (8.39%) | 47 (27.3%) | 1 (0.89%) | 68 (11.9%) | 62 (28.2%) | 70 (28.2%) | 29 (29.0%) | 58 (19.3%) | 17 (17.3%) |
| Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. Tracheal Intubation | 7 (8.64%) | 12 (19.4%) | 25 (17.5%) | 35 (20.3%) | 2 (1.79%) | 58 (10.1%) | 36 (16.4%) | 41 (16.5%) | 11 (11.0%) | 24 (7.97%) | 11 (11.2%) |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 1 (1.23%) | 1 (1.61%) | 7 (4.93%) | 5 (2.92%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (0.35%) | 4 (1.82%) | 9 (3.63%) | 4 (4.04%) | 2 (0.67%) | 1 (1.02%) |
| Acute Renale Failure | 15 (18.5%) | 11 (17.7%) | 29 (20.3%) | 33 (19.2%) | 30 (26.8%) | 65 (11.4%) | 36 (16.4%) | 68 (27.5%) | 11 (11.0%) | 41 (13.6%) | 2 (2.04%) |
| Liver alterations | 2 (2.47%) | 1 (1.61%) | 5 (3.52%) | 9 (5.23%) | 1 (0.89%) | 11 (1.92%) | 6 (2.73%) | 22 (8.91%) | 5 (5.00%) | 5 (1.67%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| Shock | 1 (1.23%) | 5 (8.06%) | 23 (16.1%) | 15 (8.72%) | 2 (1.79%) | 18 (3.16%) | 12 (5.45%) | 30 (12.1%) | 4 (4.00%) | 22 (7.33%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| Severity | |||||||||||
| Mild | 66 (81.5%) | 43 (69.4%) | 90 (62.9%) | 102 (59.3%) | 97 (86.6%) | 390 (68.2%) | 133 (60.5%) | 132 (53.2%) | 76 (76.0%) | 207 (68.5%) | 81 (81.0%) |
| Severe | 8 (9.88%) | 12 (19.4%) | 22 (15.4%) | 39 (22.7%) | 9 (8.04%) | 94 (16.4%) | 42 (19.1%) | 41 (16.5%) | 19 (19.0%) | 40 (13.2%) | 18 (18.0%) |
| Death | 7 (8.64%) | 7 (11.3%) | 31 (21.7%) | 31 (18.0%) | 6 (5.36%) | 88 (15.4%) | 45 (20.5%) | 75 (30.2%) | 5 (5.00%) | 55 (18.2%) | 1 (1.00%) |
| Long-term exposure to environmental pollutants | Alcover | Amposta | Reus | Tarragona | Vilafranca del Penedès | Barcelona | Girona | Manresa | Mataró | Terrassa | Sant Feliu de Llobregat |
| NO2 (µg/m3) | 9.89 | 14.73 | 18.72 | 21.05 | 16.88 | 38.25 | 29.55 | 30.22 | 24.36 | 40.77 | 21.36 |
| PM10 (µg/m3) | 19.55 | 19.12 | 21.98 | 19.08 | 19.25 | 24.18 | 23.98 | 23.09 | 19.29 | 24.38 | 19.90 |