TABLE 5.

Summary of locations of detected neuropathological alterations in mTBI patients

Modality	Type of neuropathological alterations detected in mTBI patients	Location
Task‐based fMRI	Abnormal cortical activity (alterations of a BOLD signal, which measures the hemodynamic response of the brain in relation to the neural activities)	Spatial navigation task: Right DL‐PFC, left hippocampus, left precuneus, retrosplenial, thalamic, and parahippocampal areas bilaterally Visual‐tracking tasks: Right anterior internal capsule and right superior longitudinal fasciculus (Astafiev et al., 2015) Multi‐sensory cognitive control task: Visual cortex and inferior parietal lobules (Mayer et al., 2015) N‐back: Bilateral frontal and parietal regions, posterior cingulate activation, medial prefrontal cortex, left sublobar insula, left middle/superior temporal gyrus, and precuneus (Chen et al., 2016; Khetani et al., 2019; Sours et al., 2018; Van der Horn et al., 2016; Westfall et al., 2015; Wylie et al., 2015) SEAT: Left superior parietal gyrus and left medial orbitofrontal gyrus, and lateral orbitofrontal gyri bilaterally (Wang et al., 2017) Flanker task: Left superior parietal lobe, left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, right supramarginal gyrus, and right lateral occipital cortex (Sullivan et al., 2018) CE: Left anterior insula, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and right‐sided inferior frontal regions (Ramage et al., 2019)
Resting‐state fMRI	Abnormal cortical activity (alterations of a BOLD signal, which measures the hemodynamic response of the brain in relation to the neural activities)	DMN, SN, fronto‐parietal (FPN) dorsal attention, executive control, motor, visual, somato‐motor, somatosensory, auditory, and limbic networks (Churchill et al., 2018; D'Souza et al., 2020; Hou et al., 2019; Iyer et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019; Lu et al., 2019; Madhavan et al., 2019; Meier et al., 2020; Shafi et al., 2020)
ASL	Alterations in CBF	Frontal cortex, middle frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyri, thalamus, inferior parietal lobule, anterior cingulate cortex, temporal cortex bilaterally, and left occipital cortex (Bai et al., 2019; Barlow et al., 2017; Bartnik‐Olson et al., 2014; Brooks et al., 2019; Churchill et al., 2017; Doshi et al., 2015; Hamer et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016; Meier et al., 2015; Stephens et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2019)
SWI	Cerebral microbleeds	Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, brain stem, the thalamus, CC, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, head of the caudate nucleus, the lenticular nucleus, the hippocampus, the right substantia nigra, the red nucleus, and basal ganglia (De Haan et al., 2017; Einarsen et al., 2019; Hasiloglu et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2015; Park et al., 2009; Studerus‐Germann et al., 2018; Trifan et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2014)
DWI	Damaged white matter pathways	CC (Hulkower et al., 2013)
Myelin‐specific imaging	Alterations in myelin density and structure	CC, right posterior thalamic radiation, left superior corona radiata, left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and left posterior limb of the internal capsule, bilateral basal ganglia, left corticospinal tract, and left anterior and superior temporal lobe(Spader et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2016)