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. 2021 Oct 15;8:270. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-01054-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Immunostaining of microglia and astrocytes. Brains of mice at each timepoint were sliced and immunostained for IBA1, GFAP and S100ß to reveal any changes in microglial, astrocytic. (a,b) Representative stitched brain hemispheres of WT and 5xFAD shown with IBA1/Thio-S staining at the 4- and 18-month and 4, 8, and 18 months timepoints, respectively. (c–f) IBA1 immunostaining for microglia reveals both age-related changes in WT and 5xFAD microglial number, and differences between genotypes in cortex and hippocampus. (g,h) Representative stitched brain hemispheres of WT and 5xFAD shown with GFAP/ S100ß/Thio-S staining at the 4- and 18-month and 4, 8, and 18 months timepoints, respectively. (i–p) Astrocyte number is assessed via GFAP (i-l)) and S100ß staining (m–p) in the cortex and hippocampus. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001, n = 6 per group.