Table 3. Multivariable Multinomial Logistic Regression Factors Associated With Past-Year OUD and Buprenorphine Misuse Status Among US Adults With Past-Year Buprenorphine Use.
| Characteristic | Misuse status, AOR (95% CI)a | |
|---|---|---|
| OUD: Misuse vs no misuse | No OUD: Misuse vs no misuse | |
| Age, y | ||
| 18-23 | 2.0 (0.8-5.0) | 2.0 (0.9-4.8) |
| 24-34 | 2.9 (1.4-5.8)b | 2.1 (1.1-4.2)b |
| 35-49 | 2.3 (1.2-4.5)b | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) |
| ≥50 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Sex | ||
| Men | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) |
| Women | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Race and ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic | 0.7 (0.4-1.5) | 1.3 (0.6-2.6) |
| Non-Hispanic | ||
| Black | 1.5 (0.8-2.8) | 1.0 (0.4-2.6) |
| White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | 1.2 (0.5-2.7) |
| Family income, $ | ||
| <20 000 | 1.1 (0.6-1.9) | 1.9 (1.1-3.3)b |
| 20 000-49 999 | 1.1 (0.6-1.8) | 1.3 (0.8-2.3) |
| 50 000-74 999 | 2.0 (0.9-4.3) | 1.2 (0.6-2.4) |
| ≥75 000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Metropolitan statistical area | ||
| Large | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Small | 1.5 (1.0-2.2) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) |
| None | 1.8 (1.0-3.0)b | 1.4 (0.9-2.4) |
| Suicide plan | ||
| Yes | 0.5 (0.2-1.1) | 4.1 (1.7-9.8)b |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Tobacco | ||
| Past-month nicotine dependence | 1.2 (0.6-2.4) | 1.4 (0.7-2.6) |
| Past-year use, no past-month nicotine dependence | 0.9 (0.5-1.8) | 1.0 (0.6-2.0) |
| No past-year use | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Alcohol | ||
| Past-year use disorder | 1.6 (0.9-2.7) | 1.8 (1.0-3.2)b |
| Past-year use but no disorder | 1.5 (1.0-2.3) | 1.7 (1.1-2.9)b |
| No past-year use | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Cannabis | ||
| Past-year use disorder | 1.4 (0.7-3.1) | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) |
| Past-year use but no disorder | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | 1.5 (1.0-2.2)b |
| No past-year use | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Cocaine | ||
| Past-year use or disorder | 2.3 (1.1-4.7)b | 4.0 (2.3-6.9)b |
| Lifetime use but no past-year use | 1.9 (1.0-3.6)b | 2.1 (1.4-3.3)b |
| Never used | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Prescription sedative/tranquilizer | ||
| Past-year misuse and disorder | 0.9 (0.5-1.7) | 0.9 (0.6-1.5) |
| Past-year use but no misuse | 0.3 (0.2-0.6)b | 0.3 (0.2-0.5)b |
| Lifetime use but no past-year use | 0.6 (0.3-1.3) | 0.7 (0.3-1.5) |
| Never used | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Prescription stimulant | ||
| Past-year use disorder | 3.9 (1.3-11.2)b | 3.3 (0.9-12.3) |
| Past-year misuse but no disorder | 1.6 (1.0-2.6) | 1.2 (0.7-2.2) |
| No past-year misuse | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Past-year hydrocodone misuse | ||
| Yes | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) | 4.3 (2.7-7.1)b |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Past-year oxycodone misuse | ||
| Yes | 1.9 (1.2-3.1)b | 3.9 (2.3-6.5)b |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Past-year substance use treatment | ||
| Drug only | 0.4 (0.3-0.7)b | 0.4 (0.2-0.6)b |
| Alcohol and drug | 1.0 (0.6-1.9) | 0.7 (0.3-1.6) |
| None | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; OUD, opioid use disorder.
a
Data are from 2469 respondents to the 2015-2019 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health.
b
Each estimate is significantly (P < .05) different from the estimate of the reference group. Other variables, which were presented in Table 2 but not in Table 3, were not significantly associated with the outcomes and were removed from this final multinomial logistic regression model. Age, sex, and race and ethnicity remained in the final model regardless of their statistical significance. All multinomial logistic regression results are provided in the eTable in the Supplement.