Table 3.
Effect of betanin on serum lipid profile and liver enzymes levels
| Variables | Normal control | Normal + Betanin (40 mg/kg) | Diabetic control | Diabetic + betanin (10 mg/kg) | Diabetic + betanin (20 mg/kg) | Diabetic + betanin (40 mg/kg) | Diabetic + glibenclamide |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC (mg/dL) | 72.33 ± 5.35 | 70.60 ± 9.21 | 129.20 ± 8.11††† | 115.50 ± 11.90## | 98.40 ± 11.26ϕϕϕ,** | 124.80 ± 7.59### | 91.00 ± 11.25ϕϕϕ |
| LDL-C, (mg/dL) | 15.83 ± 3.71 | 18.80 ± 5.40 | 57.00 ± 3.61††† | 35.50 ± 2.64ϕϕϕ,*** | 30.00 ± 2.74ϕϕϕ,*** | 50.60 ± 5.94### | 29.20 ± 4.82ϕϕϕ |
| HDL-C, (mg/dL) | 43.83 ± 5.74 | 47.80 ± 4.76 | 23.40 ± 2.97††† | 35.00 ± 3.56ϕϕ,*** | 35.20 ± 2.49ϕϕ,*** | 20.60 ± 2.07### | 40.40 ± 2.41ϕϕϕ |
| TG, (mg/dL) | 105.33 ± 52.83 | 91.20 ± 18.70 | 209.00 ± 63.28†† | 113.75 ± 17.56ϕ | 98.60 ± 23.03ϕϕ | 165.40 ± 59.47 | 99.60 ± 10.45ϕϕ |
| ALT, (U/L) | 83.17 ± 12.32 | 82.40 ± 9.48 | 152.60 ± 10.97††† | 138.75 ± 7.93 | 123.20 ± 9.68ϕϕ,** | 148.80 ± 6.30 | 130.40 ± 12.70ϕ |
| AST, (U/L) | 104.17 ± 17.52 | 105.60 ± 18.23 | 208.60 ± 25.28††† | 141.25 ± 10.69ϕϕϕ,*** | 132.20 ± 10.64ϕϕϕ,*** | 198.00 ± 7.55### | 140.20 ± 15.83ϕϕϕ |
Data were expressed as mean ± SD
TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase
††P < 0.01, †††P < 0.001 versus normal control group
ϕP < 0.05, ϕϕP < 0.01, ϕϕϕP < 0.001 versus diabetic control group
###P < 0.001 versus diabetic + glibenclamide group
**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus diabetic + betanin 40 mg/kg group (differences among diabetic rats received betanin)