Table 4.
The distribution of household disorganization and neighborhood noise according to cohort characteristics
| Household Disorganization | Neighborhood Noise | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Range: 0–7.3) | (Range: 0–4) | |||||
| Mean | SD | P Value | Mean | SD | P Value | |
| Overall | 2.1 | (1.8) | – | 1.6 | (1.1) | – |
| Child Characteristics | ||||||
| Gestational Age at Birth | ||||||
| 37–41 Completed Weeks (term) | 2.0 | (1.8) | 0.14 | 1.5 | (1.1) | 0.43 |
| < 37 Completed Weeks (preterm) | 2.3 | (1.7) | 1.6 | (1.0) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Boy | 2.1 | (1.7) | 0.97 | 1.6 | (1.1) | 0.90 |
| Girl | 2.1 | (1.8) | 1.6 | (1.1) | ||
| Primary Respondent Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) at enrollment | ||||||
| 18 to < 21 | 3.4 | (1.7) | < 0.001 | 2.4 | (0.9) | 0.02 |
| 21 to < 25 | 2.9 | (1.7) | 2.0 | (1.1) | ||
| 25 to < 30 | 2.3 | (1.9) | 1.4 | (1.0) | ||
| 30 to < 35 | 1.7 | (1.6) | 1.5 | (1.1) | ||
| 35 to < 40 | 1.6 | (1.8) | 1.5 | (1.1) | ||
| 40 or older | 2.2 | (1.7) | 1.3 | (0.9) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.5 | (1.6) | < 0.001 | 1.4 | (1.1) | 0.01 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2.8 | (1.8) | 1.8 | (1.1) | ||
| Non-Hispanic other (includes multiple races) | 2.5 | (1.7) | 1.7 | (0.7) | ||
| Hispanic | 1.6 | (1.6) | 1.2 | (0.9) | ||
| Educational Attainment | ||||||
| High school diploma/GED or less | 2.9 | (1.6) | < 0.001 | 2.1 | (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Some college | 2.7 | (1.9) | 1.5 | (1.1) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 1.2 | (1.1) | 1.5 | (1.1) | ||
| Post-graduate degree | 1.0 | (1.3) | 1.3 | (1.0) | ||
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Single/Never Married | 2.9 | (1.8) | < 0.001 | 1.8 | (1.1) | 0.02 |
| Married | 1.5 | (1.6) | 1.4 | (1.1) | ||
| Living with Partner | 2.7 | (1.7) | 1.8 | (1.0) | ||
| Other | 2.8 | (1.7) | 1.5 | (1.1) | ||
| Endorsed Symptoms of Depression | ||||||
| No | 2.0 | (1.8) | 0.07 | 1.6 | (1.1) | 0.45 |
| Yes | 2.7 | (1.7) | 1.7 | (1.2) | ||
| Household Characteristics | ||||||
| Housing Type | ||||||
| Single Family Home | 1.7 | (1.6) | < 0.001 | 1.4 | (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 2.8 | (1.8) | 1.9 | (1.0) | ||
| Number of Household Members | ||||||
| 2 members | 2.7 | (1.9) | < 0.001 | 1.2 | (0.8) | 0.26 |
| 3 members | 1.5 | (1.5) | 1.7 | (1.0) | ||
| 4 members | 1.8 | (1.5) | 1.5 | (1.1) | ||
| 5 or more members | 2.8 | (1.9) | 1.5 | (1.1) | ||
| Food Insecurity | ||||||
| Food Secure | 1.9 | (1.7) | < 0.001 | 1.5 | (1.1) | 0.05 |
| Food Insecure | 2.8 | (1.7) | 1.9 | (1.1) | ||
| Annual Household Income | ||||||
| < $20 thousand | 3.0 | (1.8) | < 0.001 | 2.0 | (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| $20 to < $50 thousand | 2.5 | (1.9) | 1.6 | (1.0) | ||
| $50 to < $90 thousand | 1.4 | (1.1) | 1.2 | (1.0) | ||
| $90 thousand or more | 1.1 | (1.3) | 1.4 | (1.1) | ||
Note: Participant characteristics were predominately derived from caregivers surveys collected at the 18-month (enrollment) assessment for Play & Grow. Descriptions of household disorganization and neighborhood noise were derived from direct observations conducted in family homes when children were approximately 24-months of age. Higher scores of household disorganization and neighborhood noise are indicative of higher levels of chaos; SD = standard deviation; P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA; Food insecurity was assessed using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service’s guidelines for measuring food security. We coded families as having food insecurity if they indicated experiencing any level food insecurity in the 12-months prior to them completing our surveys. Depression symptomology was determined using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Survey, with a score ≥ 16 indicated symptoms of depression