Table 2.
The study characteristics of included studies about suicide attempted and thought
| Authors (Years) | Country | Type of Sampling (Type of Study) |
Study Population | Depression Assessment Method | Age (Mean) | Sample size | Prevalence of Suicide (%) | NOS Score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attempts | Thoughts | ||||||||
| Helzer, J. E. et al. (1976) (66) | USA |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Army men | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) | – | 470 | NR | 42 (9%) | 7 |
| Bohnker, B. et al. (1992) (195) | USA |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Aircraft Carrier (men) | NR | – | 150 | 102 (68%) | NR | 6 |
| Brown, G. R. et al. (1993) (70) | USA |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Air Forces men with HIV |
Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales (SIGH-AD) |
35 | 442 | 24 (5.4%) | NR | 8 |
| Lish, J. D. et al. (1996) (74) | USA |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Army men and women | Brief self-report questionnaire (SCRENNER) | 21.2 | 669 | NR | 51 (7.62%) | 7 |
| Benda, B. B. (2003) (196) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Veterans Who Abuse Substances |
Multi-Problem Screening Inventory (MPSI) | 50.3 | 600 | 240 (40%) | 184 (30.7%) | 7 |
| Ritchie, E. C. et al. (2003)(197) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Men and Women in the Navy and Marine Corps | – | 43 | 100 | 54 (54%) | NR | 5 |
| Benda, B. B. et al. (2005)(198) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Veterans Who Abuse Substances |
The Multi-Problem Screening Inventory (MPSI) | 40.3 | 625 | 197 (31.5%) | 291 (46.5%) | 6 |
| Hoge, C. W. et al. (2006)(101) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Army soldiers and Marines |
The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) |
31.2 | 303,905 | NR | 3501 (1.15%) | 8 |
| Dove, M. B. et al. (2007)(104) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Women Entering a Military Substance Use Disorder |
Depression Checklist | – | 86 | NR | 15 (17.4%) | 5 |
| Kline, A. et al. (2009)(109) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Vietnam veterans with Substance Use Disorder |
SCID DSM-IV Diagnoses | 55.20 | 82 | 23 (27.8%) | 5 (6.1%) | 8 |
|
Post-Vietnam veterans with Substance Use Disorder |
46.76 | 236 | 63 (26.8%) | 16 (6.8%) | |||||
|
Persian Gulf veterans with Substance Use Disorder |
34 | 55 | 9 (15.4%) | 5 (9.1%) | |||||
| Rehn, L. M. et al. (2009)(110) | Finland |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Male Finnish military conscripts |
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) |
20 | 126 | NR | 9 (7.1%) | 6 |
| Belik, S. L. et al. (2010)(199) | Canada |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
The Canadian Forces |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
– | 37,129 | 236 (0.8%) | 1613 (4.34%) | 8 |
| Guerra, V. S. et al. (2011)(120) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Veterans in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) |
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Scale for Suicide Ideation-Adapted |
38.3 | 393 | 34 (8.7%) | 45 (11.5%) | 8 |
| Mansfield, A. J. et al. (2011)(200) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Military Personnel |
The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) |
28.1 | 3069 | NR | 215 (7%) | 6 |
| Military Personnel (Navy) | 31.8 | 1843 | 98 (5.3%) | ||||||
| 25.8 | 1226 | 110 (9%) | |||||||
|
Military Personnel (Marine) | |||||||||
| Female (7255) | |||||||||
| Maguen, S. et al. (2012)(201) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Vietnam veterans | Checklist | 40 | 244 | 12 (4.9%) | 40 (16.4%) | 6 |
| Swinkels, C. M. et al. (2013)(130) | UK |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq Veterans |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
37.40 | 1640 | 132 (8%) | NR | 6 |
| Bryan, C. J. et al. (2013)(202) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Deployed Military Personnel | The 4-item Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire– Revised (SBQ-R) | – | 161 | NR | 35 (21.7%) | 5 |
| Bryan, C. J. et al. (2013)(203) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Deployed Military Personnel |
The 4-item Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire– Revised (SBQ-R) | – | 158 | 3 (1.5%) | 21 (13.1%) | 5 |
| Bryan, C. J. et al. (2013)(204) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Air Force Personnel |
Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation-Current (BSSI-C) |
25.9 | 273 | NR | 53 (19.4%) | 5 |
| Bryan, C. J. et al. (2013)(205) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Deployed Military Personnel | The Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI) | 34.2 | 69 | NR | 25 (36.2%) | 5 |
| Blosnich, J. R. et al. (2014)(206) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Deployed Military Personnel | Checklist | – | 4250 | NR | 154 (3.3%) | 5 |
| Bryan, C. J. et al. (2014)(207) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Deployed Military Personnel | The Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI) | 36.7 | 374 | 29 (7.8%) | 136 (36.4%) | 6 |
| Mash, H. B. et al. (2014)(208) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
US Army | Checklist | – | 4999 | NR | 303(6%) | 6 |
| Don Richardson, J. et al. (2014)(135) | Canada |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Canadian Forces members and veterans |
The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) |
– | 404 | NR | 68 (16.8%) | 7 |
| Ramsawh, H. J. et al. (2014)(139) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Active Duty Military Personnel |
10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | 35 | 5461 | 346 (6.33%) | NR | 8 |
| Bryan, C. J. et al. (2015)(209) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Air Force personnel |
The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire Revised (SBQ-R) | – | 168 | 2 (1.2%) | 29 (17.3%) | 7 |
| Cleveland, S. D. et al. (2015)(141) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Veterans and Civilian College Students |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
– | 26,969 | 282 (1.07%) | 1730 (6.54%) | 8 |
| Kim, N. Y. et al. (2015) (145) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Korean Soldiers |
Scale for suicide ideation (SSI), The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) |
21.3 | 414 | NR | 80 (19.3%) | 6 |
| Ursano, R. J. et al. (2015)(210) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Soldiers | The Columbia Suicidal Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) | 20 | 38,237 | 536 (1.9%) | 5353 (14%) | 8 |
| Vanderploeg, R. D. et al. (2015) (150) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Florida National Guard Members |
The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) |
– | 3098 | NR | 130 (4.2%) | 7 |
| Forbes, D. et al. (2016)(152) | Australia |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Australian peacekeepers |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
46.5 | 2050 | 25 (1.2%) | 275 (13.4%) | 8 |
| Herberman Mash, H. B. et al. (2016)(155) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
U.S. Army soldiers |
The 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale |
– | 3813 | 230 (6%) | NR | 8 |
| U.S. Army soldiers with alcohol use | 1210 | 100 (8.3%) | |||||||
| Monteith, L. L. et al. (2016)(156) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Veterans |
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), Multidimensional Suicide Inventory-28 (MSI) Negative Affect scale |
49.6 | Total (354) | 92 (26.8%) | NR | 8 |
| Male (310) | 82 (26.5%) | ||||||||
| Female (44) | 13 (29.5%) | ||||||||
| Cohen, G. H. et al. (2017)(160) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Army National Guard Soldiers |
The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), The PHQ-9 Item |
– | 1582 | NR | 42 (2.6%) | 8 |
| Army National with Alcohol Use | 93 | 8 (8.6%) | |||||||
| Gradus, J. L. et al. (2017)(161) | USA |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars |
20- item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), The 4-item Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Short Form (SBQ-SF) |
34 | Total (2244) | NR | 370 (16.5%) | 7 |
| Male (1062) | 179 (16.9%) | ||||||||
| Female (1099) | 191 (17.4%) | ||||||||
| Weeks, M. et al. (2017)(163) | Canada |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Canadian Military and Civilian Populations |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
35 | 6696 | NR | 289 (4. %) | 8 |
| Bartlett, B. A. et al. (2018)(164) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Military veterans |
20- item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) |
38.40 | 910 | 62 (7.5%) | NR | 6 |
| Boulos, D. et al. (2018)(166) | Canada |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Regular Force personnel |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
– | 3385 | NR | 156 (4.6%) | 7 |
| Reserve Force personnel | 1469 | 82 (5.6%) | |||||||
| Dillon, K. H. et al. (2018)(167) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans | The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID) | – | 3238 | 291 (9%) | NR | 7 |
| Elbogen, E. B. et al. (2018)(169) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
34.9 | 1172 | 87 (7.5%) | NR | 6 |
| Hourani, L. L. et al. (2018)(170) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Active duty military personnel |
The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Checklist |
– | 947 | 16 (2.1%) | 71 (9.2%) | 7 |
| Kachadourian, L. K. et al. (2018)(211) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Veterans | The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) | 43.9 | 93 | 19 (21.6%) | NR | 6 |
| Kerr, K. et al. (2018)(212) | Australia |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Australian veterans | Checklist | 54.6 | 229 | 54 (23.6%) | NR | 6 |
| Waitzkin, H. et al. (2018)(175) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Military Personnel |
The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) |
– | 198 | NR | 92 (48%) | 7 |
| Byrne, S. P. et al. (2019)(176) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
U.S. military veterans |
The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) |
53.4 | 158 | 40 (24.4%) | 39 (30.2%) | 7 |
| Nichter, B. et al. (2019)(180) | USA |
Random Sampling (CS) |
U.S. veteran population |
The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) |
60.3 | 2732 | 134 (4.9%) | 248 (9%) | 9 |
| Start, A. R. et al. (2019)(181) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Military Personnel |
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) |
– | 944 | NR | 31 (3.3%) | 7 |
| Blosnich, J. R. et al. (2020)(182) | USA |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Military Veterans |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
– | 293,872 | 1035 (0.3%) | 2999 (1%) | 9 |
| Cramer, R. J. et al. (2020)(213) | USA |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Military Personnel | The Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) | – | 200 | 96 (48%) | NR | 6 |
| Groll, D. L. et al. (2020)(185) | Canada |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Canadian military persons |
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) |
– | 477 | 19 (4%) | 76 (16%) | 8 |
| Shim, E. J. et al. (2020)(187) | Korea |
Random Sampling (CS) |
Korean military population |
The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI-Plus), The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) |
50.6 | 1937 | 87 (4.5%) | NR | 8 |
| Smigelsky, M. A. et al. (2020)(188) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
U.S. military population |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
37.6 | 1002 | 41 (4%) | NR | 6 |
| Stefanovics, E. A. et al. (2020)(190) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
U.S. Military Veterans |
The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) |
55 | 1308 | 118 (9%) | 165(12.6%) | 5 |
| Wang, J. et al. (2020)(192) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
U.S. Reserve and National Guard Personnel |
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) |
34.4 | 3503 | NR | 101 (2.9%) | 6 |
| Anestis, M. D. et al. (2020)(214) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
U.S. Military Veterans | The Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) | 27.0 | 953 | NR | 105 (15.2%) | 5 |
| Monteith, L. L. et al. (2020)(215) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Female veterans | Checklist | 55.6 | 439 | 158(36%) | 113(25.7%) | 5 |
| Ursano, R. J. et al. (2020)(193) | USA |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
US Army Soldiers During Deployment in Afghanistan |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) |
– | 3957 | NR | 85 (2.1%) | 7 |
| Yeom, C. W. et al. (2020)(194) | Korea |
Convenience Sampling (CS) |
Korean military personal |
The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI-Plus Suicidality module), The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) |
21.4 | 480 | 22(4.5%) | NR | 6 |