Table 3.
The pooled estimate of prevalence of depression in active duty and veteran military
| Categories | No. of Studies (Sample Size) | Pooled Prevalence (% 95 CI) | Between studies heterogeneity assessment (%) |
Between subgroups heterogeneity assessment (%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | PHeterogenity | Z | Q | PHeterogenity | |||
| The prevalence of depression in active duty military | |||||||
| Total | 100 (1278837) | 23% (20–26%) | 87.91% | 0.018 | 27.74 | – | – |
| Sampling Method | |||||||
| Convinces Sampling | 67 (939796) | 21% (18–25%) | 66.90% | 0.030 | 20.25 | 9.33 | 0.001 |
| Random Sampling | 33 (339041) | 26% (19–32%) | 54.80% | 0.050 | 13.11 | ||
| Type of Forces | |||||||
| Air Forces | 5 (4562) | 20% (9–33%) | 83.93% | 0.040 | 5.59 | 8.98 | 0.001 |
| Armed Forces | 36 (995073) | 22% (20–23%) | 89.45% | 0.034 | 20.05 | ||
| Marine Forces | 6 (775778) | 31% (16–48%) | 90.86% | 0.0001 | 6.22 | ||
| Military Forces | 53 (201624) | 22% (16–28%) | 79.89% | 0.005 | 12.41 | ||
| Population Healthy Forces | 90 (1152451) | 22% (20–25%) | 99.87% | 0.0001 | 18.28 | 10.03 | 0.001 |
| Forces with HIV/AIDS | 3 (113620) | 15% (3–36%) | – | – | 3.16 | ||
| Forces with Alcohol Use | 5 (8303) | 29% (13–47%) | 99.96% | 0.0001 | 5.70 | ||
| Forces with Substance Use | 2 (4463) | 37%(36–39%) | – | – | 18.04 | ||
| Gender | |||||||
| Total | 71 (1163273) | 22% (20–25%) | 90.88% | 0.0001 | 20.19 | 10.01 | 0.001 |
| Male | 20 (110847) | 23% (12–37%) | 91.83% | 0.0001 | 6.45 | ||
| Female | 9 (4717) | 25% (13–40%) | 89.99% | 0.012 | 6.15 | ||
| Tools | |||||||
| BDI Scale | 9 (38888) | 25% (15–36%) | 65.75% | 0.054 | 5.88 | 5.09 | 0.001 |
| CES-D Scale | 7 (15365) | 13% (8–19%) | 50.20% | 0.130 | 4.05 | ||
| Interviews | 13 (16980) | 25% (17–35%) | 67.38% | 0.060 | 10.22 | ||
| DSM-IV Scale | 36 (202430) | 15% (11–19%) | 60.07% | 0.078 | 12.41 | ||
| BSI Scale | 1 (236) | 56% (49–60%) | – | – | – | ||
| HAMD Scale | 1 (197) | 47% (40–54%) | – | – | – | ||
| HADS Scale | 1 (6943) | 10% (9–11%) | – | – | – | ||
| PHQ Scale | 24 (692087) | 15% (13–17%) | 78.62% | 0.059 | 9.32 | ||
| SDS Scale | 5 (304767) | 20% (14–26%) | 72.99% | 0.059 | 9.03 | ||
| Country | |||||||
| Canada | 10 (318747) | 21% (16–26%) | 49.46% | 0.760 | 4.99 | ||
| Korea | 2 (430) | 20% (16–24%) | 0.0% | 0.782 | 1.49 | ||
| Thailand | 2 (2272) | 39% (37–41%) | 0.0% | 0.800 | 0.98 | 17.74 | 0.001 |
| United Kingdom | 6 (2034) | 32% (10–59%) | 54.32% | 0.763 | 4.05 | ||
| USA | 66 (929016) | 21% (17–25%) | 78.96% | 0.050 | 13.54 | ||
| Greece | 3 (6845) | 20% (1–52%) | 0.0% | 0.980 | 2.43 | ||
| The prevalence of depression in veteran military | |||||||
| Total | 80 (887982) | 20% (18–22%) | 79.80% | 0.032 | 31.46 | – | – |
| Sampling Method | |||||||
| Convinces Sampling | 55 (565979) | 19% (16–21%) | 69.78% | 0.049 | 17.25 | 2.12 | 0.150 |
| Random Sampling | 25 (322003) | 22% (18–27%) | 58.26% | 0.054 | 10.02 | ||
| Type of Forces | |||||||
| Air Forces | NR | – | – | – | – | ||
| Armed Forces | 68 (583048) | 19% (17–22%) | 76.97% | 0.054 | 16.88 | 1.27 | 0.260 |
| Marine Forces | NR | – | – | – | – | ||
| Military Forces | 12 (304934) | 24% (16–33%) | 64.66% | 0.034 | 9.83 | ||
| Population | |||||||
| Healthy Forces | 64 (856091) | 19% (17–22%) | 99.09% | 0.0001 | 18.28 | 28.40 | 0.001 |
| Forces with HIV/AIDS | 2 (1257) | 16% (14–18%) | 91.33% | 0.0001 | 22.32 | ||
| Forces with Alcohol Use | 4 (1780) | 29% (21–37%) | 98.44% | 0.0001 | 11.92 | ||
| Forces with Substance Use | 4 (4397) | 10%(6–14%) | 74.50% | 0.0001 | 8.68 | ||
| Forces with HCV | 6 (24457) | 29% (17–43%) | 88.93 | 0.001 | 7.36 | ||
| Gender | |||||||
| Total | 55 (237654) | 20% (17–23%) | 90.88% | 0.0001 | 22.36 | 0.12 | 0.873 |
| Male | 15 (343584) | 21% (13–31%) | 91.91% | 0.0001 | 7.75 | ||
| Female | 10 (306744) | 20% (14–26%) | 88.49% | 0.0001 | 11.40 | ||
| Tools | |||||||
| BDI Scale | 7 (415692) | 14% (9–21%) | 55.15% | 0.060 | 7.97 | ||
| CES-D Scale | 11 (318802) | 18% (13–25%) | 40.45% | 0.761 | 10.80 | ||
| Interviews | 13 (50675) | 20% (11–31%) | 60.22% | 0.181 | 6.74 | ||
| DSM-IV Scale | 11 (64263) | 15% (9–22%) | 78.99% | 0.028 | 7.54 | ||
| PHQ Scale | 29 (28445) | 21% (17–25%) | 78.48% | 0.049 | 17.52 | ||
| SDS Scale | 2 (1300) | 47% (44–50%) | 52.04% | 0.059 | 9.14 | ||
| GDS Scale | 1 (1032) | 37% (34–40%) | – | 20.91 | |||
| MHI Scale | 4 (3649) | 35% (15–59%) | −50.74% | 0.601 | 4.91 | ||
| QIDS Scale | 1 (1002) | 21% (18–24%) | – | – | 19.13 | ||
| HDRS Scale | 1 (3122) | 7% (6–8%) | – | – | 18.28 | 22.16 | 0.001 |
| Country | |||||||
| Canada | 2 (2365) | 13% (10–15%) | 0.0% | 0.880 | 3.85 | ||
| Croatia | 2 (118669) | 4% (6–8%) | 0.0% | 0.893 | 4.91 | 31.46 | 0.001 |
| USA | 70 (733009) | 20% (18–22%) | 67.84% | 0.049 | 29.94 | ||
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D), Clinical Symptoms (Interviews), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), The Zung Self-Report Depression Scale (SDS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-24 item