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. 2021 Oct 16;19:325. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01074-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 12 — Metal-based nanoparticles mediate immune activation. A Schematic illustration of the FePt/BP–PEI–FA NCs enhanced immunotherapy.

Reproduced with permission from Ref [16], copyright © 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. B Antitumor effect of Cu-PPT nanoparticles combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Reproduced with permission from Ref [116], copyright © 2020, American Chemical Society. C1 Mn is essential for immune responses against tumors. Mn²⁺ stimulates CD8⁺ T cells activation and promotes DCs maturation and antigen presentation. C2 Mn²⁺ mediated cGAS-STING pathway to activate tumor immunity. C3 Mn²⁺ boosts antitumor immunotherapy in mice. Reproduced with permission from Ref [41], copyright Copyright © 2020, Springer Nature