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. 2021 Oct 16;19:325. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01074-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 13 — Oxidases can relieve the immunosuppression of TME in many ways. A Glucose oxidase mediated immune activation. A1 Schematic illustration of anti-tumor immune response and enhanced anti-PD-1 immunotherapy induced by CMSN-GOx. A2 Tumor volume and survival curves in the mice after different treatments. A3 CMSN-GOx nanoparticles can promote immune activation.

Reproduced with permission from Ref [56], copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society. B Lactate oxidase mediated immune activation. B1 Schematic illustration of the intra/extracellular lactic acid exhaustion process of PMLR nanosystem. B2 Tumor growth curves and survival curves of the mice with different treatments. B3 PMLR nanosystem induces tumor immunity by regulating the activity and number of various immune cells. Reproduced with permission from Ref [18], copyright © 2019 WILEY–VCH