Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for the psychological scales at baseline and follow-up and results from the repeated-measures ANOVA.
| Assessments | ||||||
| Baseline M (SD) | Follow-up M (SD) | Time | Group | Time x group | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| PSS | Female | 5.00 (2.93) | 4.83 (2.96) | F (1, 1754) = 14.02, p = < .001 | F (1, 1754) = 43.61, p = < .001 | F (1, 1754) = 0.35, p = .56 |
| Male | 4.23 (2.66) | 3.99 (2.60) | ||||
| UCLA | Female | 4.70 (1.45) | 4.78 (1.57) | F (1, 1754) = 1.31, p = 0.25 | F (1, 1754) = 66.01, p = < .001 | F (1, 1754) = 2.80, p = .09 |
| Male | 4.26 (1.22) | 4.24 (1.28) | ||||
| GAD-7 | Female | 3.99 (3.87) | 3.67 (3.73) | F (1, 1754) = 25.88, p = < .001 | F (1, 1754) = 110.70, p = < .001 | F (1, 1754) = 0.46, p = .50 |
| Male | 2.38 (2.83) | 2.14 (2.70) | ||||
| CES | Female | 12.03 (9.25) | 11.61 (9.54) | F (1, 1754) = 19.27, p = < .001 | F (1, 1754) = 118.02, p = < .001 | F (1, 1754) = 0.65, p = .42 |
| Male | 8.12 (6.45) | 7.52 (6.48) | ||||
| Age groups | ||||||
| PSS | 18-29 | 5.70 (2.67) | 5.73 (2.74) | F (1, 1751) = 10.36, p = < .001 | F (4, 1751) = 17.66 p = < .001 | F (4, 1751) = 0.88, p = .47 |
| 30-39 | 4.77 (2.78) | 4.63 (2.80) | ||||
| 40-49 | 4.46 (2.77) | 4.17 (2.74) | ||||
| 50-59 | 4.56 (2.96) | 4.34 (2.85) | ||||
| > 60 | 4.16 (2.74) | 3.88 (2.72) | ||||
| UCLA | 18-29 | 4.94 (1.29) | 5.02 (1.41) | F (1, 1751) = 1.46, p = < .23 | F (4, 1751) = 12.82 p = < .001 | F (4, 1751) = 0.28, p = .89 |
| 30-39 | 4.62 (1.38) | 4.63 (1.50) | ||||
| 40-49 | 4.26 (1.30) | 4.28 (1.36) | ||||
| 50-59 | 4.45 (1.36) | 4.45 (1.47) | ||||
| > 60 | 4.36 (1.39) | 4.42 (1.48) | ||||
| GAD-7 | 18-29 | 4.32 (4.09) | 4.05 (3.83) | F (1, 1751) = 25.22, p = < .001 | F (4, 1751) = 17.11 p = < .001 | F (4, 1751) = 0.56, p = .56 |
| 30-39 | 3.68 (3.53) | 3.39 (3.43) | ||||
| 40-49 | 3.15 (3.16) | 2.94 (3.30) | ||||
| 50-59 | 3.20 (3.83) | 2.75 (3.43) | ||||
| > 60 | 2.31 (2.86) | 2.11 (2.75) | ||||
| CES | 18-29 | 13.55 (9.13) | 13.45 (9.77) | F (1, 1751) = 16.29, p = < .001 |
F (4, 1751) = 19.67, p = < .001 |
F (4, 1751) = 2.42, p = .05 |
| 30-39 | 10.81 (8.21) | 10.48 (8.94) | ||||
| 40-49 | 9.48 (7.60) | 9.09 (8.09) | ||||
| 50-59 | 10.31 (9.30) | 9.12 (8.43) | ||||
| > 60 | 8.23 (6.60) | 7.84 (6.79) |
Note. PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; UCLA: Loneliness Scale-short version; GAD-7: Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item; CES: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.