Table 3.
Association between demographic variables and the psychological scales during the first and second surveys (N = 1756).
| Variables | Baseline | Follow-up | |||||||||||||||
| Depression | Stress | Anxiety | Loneliness | Depression | Stress | Anxiety | Loneliness | ||||||||||
| β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | ||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||
| Women (Reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| Men | -3.37 | -8.54*** | -0.66 | -4.61*** | -1.44 | -8.33*** | -0.37 | -5.41*** | -3.51 | -8.78*** | -0.65 | -4.62*** | -1.38 | -8.42*** | -0.46 | -6.20*** | |
| Age groups | |||||||||||||||||
| 18-29 | 2.37 | 2.21* | 1.00 | 2.58** | 0.95 | 2.02* | 0.07 | -0.38 | 3.28 | 3.08** | 1.57 | 4.18*** | 1.04 | 2.39** | 0.40 | 2.01* | |
| 30-39 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.40 | 1.20 | 0.49 | 1.21 | -0.02 | -0.13 | 1.43 | 1.57 | 0.68 | 2.13* | 0.78 | 2.10* | 0.22 | 1.31 | |
| 40-49 | -0.15 | -0.17 | 0.19 | 0.60 | -0.08 | -0.22 | -0.26 | -1.69 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.92 | 0.42 | 1.18 | 0.07 | -0.54 | |
| 50-59 | 0.67 | 0.83 | 0.21 | 0.71 | -0.06 | -0.17 | -0.07 | -0.49 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.36 | 1.28 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 1.860.42 | |
| > 60 (Reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| Marital Status | |||||||||||||||||
| Single (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| Married/ Registered partnership | -1.32 | -2.28* | -0.24 | -1.12 | 0.21 | 0.85 | -0.36 | -3.61*** | -1.89 | -3.21*** | -0.14 | -0.67 | -0.31 | -1.31 | -0.36 | -3.29*** | |
| Widowed | -0.09 | -0.07 | 0.35 | 0.74 | -0.09 | 0.15 | -0.08 | -0.39 | - 0.98 | - 0.74 | -0.04 | -0.08 | -0.86 | -1.59 | -0.38 | -1.56 | |
| Divorced | -1.05 | -1.26 | -0.28 | -0.93 | -0.19 | -0.53 | -0.12 | -0.82 | -1.66 | -1.94* | -0.09 | -0.29 | -0.65 | -1.85 | -0.08 | -0.49 | |
| Others | -1.39 | -1.14 | -0.008 | -0.02 | -0.05 | 0.09 | -0.02 | -0.09 | -1.02 | -0.82 | -0.36 | -0.81 | -0. | -0.20 | -0.24 | -1.05 | |
| Educational degree | |||||||||||||||||
| No formal degree (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| Fundamental Education | - 3.60 | -2.24* | 0.006 | 0.01 | -0.99 | -1.42 | -0.36 | -1.31 | -3.81 | -2.33* | 0.51 | -0.89 | -1.12 | -1.67 | -0.61 | -2.03* | |
| Secondary Education | -3.75 | -2.81** | -0.44 | -0.92 | -1.20 | -2.07* | -0.26 | -1.14 |
|
-2.92** | -0.52 | -1.08 | -1.31 | -2.36 | -0.45 | -1.78 | |
| University degree | -3.11 | -2.46** | -0.32 | -0.68 | -1.05 | -1.90 | -0.35 | -1.58 | -3.91 | -3.03** | -0.63 | -1.38 | -1.47 | -2.79 | -0.50 | -2.11* | |
| University degree: Master or above | -2.72 | -2.12* | -0.70 | -1.51 | -1.26 | -2.25* | -0.54 | -2.43** | -3.58 | -2.75** | -0.84 | -1.83 | -1.46 | -2.73 | -0.69 | -2.87** | |
| Employment Status | |||||||||||||||||
| Full-time employed (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| In retirement or early retirement | -1.87 | -2.18* | -0.33 | -1.07 | -1.10 | -2.94** | -0.29 | -1.96* | -0.96 | -1.12 | -0.18 | -0.60 | -0.41 | -1.20 | 0.06 | 0.36 | |
| In vocational training/retraining/education | 1.39 | 1.22 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 1.10 | 0.11 | 0.61 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.49 | 1.07 | 0.13 | 0.62 | |
| Looking after home or family | -1.38 | -1.43 | -0.19 | -0.56 | -0.65 | -1.57 | -0.21 | -1.29 | -1.03 | -1.04 | -0.33 | -0.94 | -0.47 | -1.17 | 0.08 | 0.44 | |
| Other status | 0.36 | 0.39 | -0.28 | 0.84 | -0.11 | -0.27 | 0.15 | 0.97 | 1.79 | 1.88 | 0.62 | 1.85 | 0.43 | 1.11 | -0.09 | -0.54 | |
| Parental Leave | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.47 | 0.76 | -0.19 | -0.26 | 0.84 | 2.86** | 2.01 | 1.22 | 0.75 | 1.28 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 1.89 | |
| Part-time employed | -1.08 | -1.74 | -0.21 | -0.91 | -0.24 | -0.91 | -0.06 | -0.58 | -0.56 | -0.91 | 0.13 | 0.58 | 0.29 | -1.18 | 0.12 | 1.10 | |
| Permanently sick or disabled | 5.20 | 2.28* | 0.41 | 0.50 | 1.46 | 1.47 | 0.68 | 1.75 | 4.10 | 1.50 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 1.27 | 1.14 | 0.80 | 1.59 | |
| Self-employed or working for own family business | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.27 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 1.44 | -0.0005 | 0 | -0.16 | -0.15 | -0.35 | -0.94 | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.11 | -0.56 | |
| Unemployed | 1.95 | 1.21 | 1.19 | 2.02* | 1.77 | 2.51** | 0.15 | 0.529 | 1.38 | 0.90 | 0.66 | 1.21 | 0.74 | 1.19 | 0.51 | 1.80 | |
| Annual gross income | |||||||||||||||||
| 0 - 25 000 Euros (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| 25 000 - 75 000 | 0.12 | 0.99 | -0.30 | -0.54 | 0.43 | 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.16 | -0.72 | -0.46 | -0.49 | -0.87 | 0.75 | 1.17 | 0.11 | 0.39 | |
| 75 000 - 150 000 | - 0.90 | -0.56 | -0.57 | -1.02 | 0.11 | 0.17 | -0.11 | -0.40 | -1.30 | -0.82 | -0.98 | -1.75 | 0.53 | 0.83 | -0.04 | -0.15 | |
| >150 000 Euros | -1.53 | -0.34 | -1.07 | -1.84 | 0.07 | 0.11 | -0.31 | -1.14 | -1.56 | -0.95 | -1.13 | -1.95* | 0.66 | 0.99 | -0.18 | -0.60 | |
| No answer | -1.25 | -0.42 | -0.71 | -1.25 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.12 | -0.46 | -2.06 | -1.29 | -0.83 | -1.46 | 0.37 | 0.57 | -0.18 | -0.61 | |
| Nationals | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| No | -0.04 | -0.08 | 0.56 | 2.74** | -0.07 | -0.29 | 0.43 | 4.45*** | -1.09 | -1.89* | 0.43 | 2.11* | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 2.31* | |
| Work field | |||||||||||||||||
| Others (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| Health sector | -0.08 | -0.12 | -0.40 | -1.66 | -0.03 | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.34 | -0.39 | -0.59 | -0.32 | -1.35 | -0.17 | -0.62 | -0.02 | 0.87 | |
| Psychiatric disorders | |||||||||||||||||
| No (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 8.52 | 10.12*** | 2.04 | 6.65*** | 3.55 | 9.7*** | 0.55 | 3.79*** | 8.73 | 10.17*** | 1.85 | 6.09*** | 3. 46 | 9.85*** | .40 | 2.53** | |
| Risk factors for Covid | |||||||||||||||||
| No (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| One | 1.81 | 4.31*** | 0.20 | 1.31 | 0.56 | 3.08** | 0.04 | 0.49 | 1.22 | 2.84** | 0.14 | 0.94 | 0.18 | 1.05 | 0.06 | 0.80 | |
| Two or more | 1.48 | 2.19* | -0.06 | -0.23 | 0.59 | 2.01* | 0.09 | 0.82 | 2.19 | 3.18** | 0.59 | 2.41* | 0.66 | 2.35* | 0.18 | 1.39 | |
| Tested positive for (asymptomatic carrier of) SARS-CoV-2) | |||||||||||||||||
| No (reference) | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.90 | 0.40 | 0.32 | 0.39 | - 0.30 | -0.30 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 1.71 | 1.80 | 0.78 | 2.31* | 0.61 | 1.58 | 0.24 | 1.36 | |
Note: * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.