FIG. 1.

(a) Liver zonation feature-based models: A tree-like concentration gradient generator was combined with a cell culture chamber (Bar: 200 μm). Reproduced with permission from McCarty et al., Sci. Rep. 6, 26868 (2016). Copyright 2016 Author(s), licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.³⁹ (b) Structural feature-based models: endothelial barrier was integrated into the micropillar form of microfluidic device to mimic the liver sinusoid. Reproduced with permission from Toh et al., Lab Chip 9, 2026 (2009). Copyright 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry.⁴⁷ (c) Structural feature-based models: a microstructure was added to the bottom of the cell culture chamber. Hepatocytes were surrounded by the cell culture medium. Reproduced with permission from Goral et al., Lab Chip 10, 3380 (2010). Copyright 2010 The Royal Society of Chemistry.⁴⁸