FIG. 2.

Co-culture models using non-parenchymal cells: The hepatocytes were co-cultured with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, and Kupffer cells. (a) The system separated two layers by membrane. Reproduced with permission from Prodanov et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 113, 241 (2016). Copyright 2016 John Wiley and Sons.⁵⁴ (b) The system separated three layers by membrane. One layer was used for artificial bile layer. Reprinted with permission from Deng et al., Biomicrofluidics 13, 024101 (2019). Copyright 2019 AIP Publishing.⁵⁶