FIG. 3.

3D cluster (spheroid or organoid)-based models: (a) primary hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cell-based spheroids were connected with an osmotic pumping-based microfluidic system and communicated without direct cell-to-cell contact. Reproduced with permission from Lee et al., Lab Chip 13, 3529 (2013). Copyright 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.⁶⁵ (b) Liver organoid-on-a-chip system: in situ differentiation and generation of liver organoids from hiPSCs was enable in a perfusion-based micropillar chip. Reproduced with permission from Wang et al., Lab Chip 18, 3606 (2018). Copyright 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry.⁶⁹