FIG. 5.
Disease models using liver-on-a-chip: (a) inflammation was induced by using TLR-stimulation on the vascular organoid liver chip. Reproduced with permission from Gröger et al., Sci. Rep. 6, 21868 (2016); licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.97 (b) ALD was induced by perfusing a medium containing ethanol to a chip to which four types of hepatocytes were applied. Reprinted with permission from Deng et al., Biomed. Microdevices 21, 57 (2019). Copyright 2019 Springer Nature.104 (c) Steatosis was induced by treating free fatty acid in the chip where the liver sinusoid was structurally implemented. Gori et al., PLoS One 11, e0159729 (2016). Copyright 2016 Author(s), licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.107 (d) NAFLD was induced according to the concentration gradient of linoleic acid in the concentration gradient generating chip designed in a tree shape. Reproduced with permission from Bulutoglu et al., Lab Chip 19, 3022 (2019). Copyright 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.112 (e) NASH was induced by exposing the liver-on-a-chip to FFA and LPS. Reproduced with permission from Freag et al., Hepatol. Commun. 5, 217 (2021). Copyright 2021 John Wiley and Sons.113 (f) HBV was induced in liver-on-a-chip by transfection with HBV-genome cDNA and virus genome expressed from recombinant adenovirus. Reproduced with permission from Kang et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 112, 2571 (2015). Copyright 2015 John Wiley and Sons.119