TABLE 1.
Information for T2DM‐MCI and T2DM‐nMCI patients
| Characteristic | Proteomics‐Discover set | p‐value | Western blot‐Validation set | p‐value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM‐nMCI (n = 10) | T2DM‐MCI (n = 9) | T2DM‐nMCI (n = 30) | T2DM‐MCI (n = 34) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), year | 71.30 (2.67) | 73.3 (5.41) | 0.305 | 63.67 (5.62) | 64.47 (6.92) | 0.615 |
| Sex (male, female) | 4 M, 6F | 3 M, 6F | 0.764 | 15 M, 15F | 12 M, 22F | 0.312 |
| Olfactory score | 6.80 (1.03) | 7.67 (1.94) | 0.233 | 7.50 (1.43) | 8.32 (1.36) | 0.022 |
| HbA1c | 8.53 (1.99) | 7.73 (1.41) | 0.376 | 7.84 (2.05) | 8.11 (1.55) | 0.591 |
| Diabetes duration, year | 11.80 (5.33) | 14.00 (8.29) | 0.496 | 7.87 (6.37) | 7.24 (6.09) | 0.687 |
| Insulin treatment, n (%) | 5 (50.0%) | 6 (66.7%) | 0.653 | 15 (50.0%) | 10 (29.4%) | 0.125 |
| Diabetic complications, n (%) | 6 (60.0%) | 4 (44.4%) | 0.498 | 17 (56.7%) | 19 (55.9%) | >0.999 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5 (50.0%) | 8 (88.9%) | 0.069 | 15 (50.0%) | 17 (50.0%) | >0.999 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 4 (40.0%) | 5 (55.6%) | 0.498 | 16 (53.3%) | 13 (38.2) | 0.315 |
| CHD, n (%) | 4 (40.0%) | 4 (44.4%) | 0.845 | 6 (20.0%) | 9 (26.5%) | 0.571 |
| APOE ε2 (+), n (%) | 2 (20.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.474 | 3 (10.0%) | 6 (17.6%) | 0.483 |
| APOE ε3 (+), n (%) | 10 (100%) | 9 (100%) | >0.999 | 30 (100%) | 30 (88.2%) | 0.116 |
| APOE ε4 (+), n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.999 | 3 (10.0%) | 7 (20.6%) | 0.313 |
| GSK−3β (Total) (SD) | 2.62 (2.30) | 2.99 (2.90) | 0.760 | 2.15 (1.83) | 2.75 (1.99) | 0.218 |
| GSK−3β (S9) (SD) | 3.90 (4.11) | 2.09 (1.67) | 0.237 | 4.37 (4.51) | 2.26 (2.63) | 0.024 |
| rGSK−3β (Total/S9) (SD) | 0.76 (0.21) | 3.52 (5.38) | 0.122 | 0.66 (0.38) | 2.09 (2.70) | 0.006 |
| Aβ1‐40 (SD) | 268.50 (117.70) | 95.56 (102.80) | 0.004 | 194.50 (95.17) | 177.80 (95.92) | 0.487 |
| Aβ1‐42 (SD) | 63.51 (24.66) | 74.23 (29.44) | 0.400 | 61.54 (21.68) | 61.90 (20.40) | 0.945 |
| Aβ1‐42/1‐40 (SD) | 0.32 (0.28) | 1.40 (1.06) | 0.006 | 0.40 (0.27) | 0.60 (0.71) | 0.165 |
| MMSE | 28.70 (0.67) | 20.11 (3.41) | <0.001 | 28.67 (0.71) | 22.97 (2.53) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: APOE, Apo lipoprotein E; CHD, Coronary heart disease; GSK‐3β, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, the Minimum Mental State Examination; rGSK3β, GSK‐3β‐total/GSK‐3β‐S9; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; T2DM‐MCI, T2DM with MCI group; T2DM‐nMCI, T2DM without MCI group.