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. 2021 Oct 4;13:710683. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.710683

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Copyright © 2021 Snow, Cummings and Lake.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proteoglycans visualized in neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles as demonstrated by Ruthenium red and Cuprolinic blue staining. (A) Ruthenium red staining of neuritic plaque in the hippocampus of a 92-year old female with AD. Positive Ruthenium red granules (arrowheads) are specifically localized along amyloid fibrils present with the neuritic plaque. (B) Ruthenium red staining of paired helical and straight filaments in a neurofibrillary tangle in the hippocampus of a 72-year old male with AD. Positive Ruthenium red granules are observed (arrowheads) specifically localized to the paired helical and straight filaments. Orig. Mag., ×80,000. (C) In the absence of Cuprolinic blue, no apparent staining of paired helical and straight filaments in a neurofibrillary tangle is observed in the hippocampus of a 92-year old female with AD. Original mag. ×80,000. (D) In the presence of Cuprolinic blue at 0.3 M magnesium chloride, proteoglycans are visualized as positive Cuprolinic blue filaments (arrowheads) in intimate association with bundles of paired helical and straight filaments in a neurofibrillary tangle in the hippocampus of a 92-year old female with AD. Original Mag. ×80,000 (Snow et al., 1989b).