Campbell 2016.
| Study characteristics | |||
| Patient Sampling | Convenience sample | ||
| Patient characteristics and setting | Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of stroke or TIA; admitted between 8:30am and 4:30pm; no change in initial NIHSS score between screening by the nurse and evaluation by the speech pathologist Exclusion criteria: non‐stroke and non‐TIA admissions; stroke and TIA admissions after 4:30pm; NIHSS score change from initial screening by the nurse, and subsequent evaluation performed by speech pathologist Setting: 1 × neuroscience unit ‐ part of a Joint Commission Disease Specific certified stroke centre | ||
| Index tests | NBDS | ||
| Target condition and reference standard(s) | Dysphagia SLP: expert assessment |
||
| Flow and timing | 3 patients not screened by Nurse 2
Interventions between index/reference tests: not reported Interval between index and reference tests: < 1 hour |
||
| Comparative | |||
| Notes | |||
| Methodological quality | |||
| Item | Authors' judgement | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns |
| DOMAIN 1: Patient Selection | |||
| Was a consecutive or random sample of patients enrolled? | Unclear | ||
| Did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions? | Yes | ||
| Was a two‐gate design avoided? | Yes | ||
| Could the selection of patients have introduced bias? | Unclear risk | ||
| Are there concerns that the included patients and setting do not match the review question? | High | ||
| DOMAIN 2: Index Test (All tests) | |||
| Were the index test results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the reference standard? | Yes | ||
| If a threshold was used, was it pre‐specified? | Yes | ||
| Could the conduct or interpretation of the index test have introduced bias? | Low risk | ||
| Are there concerns that the index test, its conduct, or interpretation differ from the review question? | Low concern | ||
| DOMAIN 3: Reference Standard | |||
| Is the reference standards likely to correctly classify the target condition? | Yes | ||
| Were the reference standard results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the index tests? | Unclear | ||
| Could the reference standard, its conduct, or its interpretation have introduced bias? | Low risk | ||
| Are there concerns that the target condition as defined by the reference standard does not match the question? | Low concern | ||
| DOMAIN 4: Flow and Timing | |||
| Was there an appropriate interval between index test and reference standard? | Yes | ||
| Did all patients receive the same reference standard? | Yes | ||
| Were all patients included in the analysis? | Unclear | ||
| Could the patient flow have introduced bias? | Unclear risk | ||