Table 1.
Factors associated with prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among Iranian adults between 2014 and 2020
| Diabetes | Prediabetes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR* | p value | Adjusted OR* | p value | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.10 (1, 1.21) | 0.058 | 0.69 (0.63, 0.74) | < 0.001 |
| Age categories | ||||
| 35–44 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 45–54 | 2.71 (2.57, 2.87) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.36, 1.63) | < 0.001 |
| 55–64 | 4.86 (4.57, 5.17) | < 0.001 | 1.94 (1.74, 2.16) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 65 | 5.73 (5.04, 6.53) | < 0.001 | 2.15 (1.80, 2.56) | < 0.001 |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 0.79 (0.73, 0.85) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.63, 1.06) | 0.116 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Non-married | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.467 | 0.89 (0.85, 0.92) | < 0.001 |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate (no schooling) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤ 5 years (primary) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.503 |
| 6–8 years (middle) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.9) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.011 |
| 9–12 years (secondary) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.81, 0.96) | 0.004 |
| > 12 years (university) | 0.71 (0.68, 0.75) | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.75, 0.94) | 0.004 |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Quintile 2 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) | 0.112 | 1 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.953 |
| Quintile 3 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 0.144 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.537 |
| Quintile 4 | 1 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.949 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 0.795 |
| Quintile 5 (richest) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.1) | 0.704 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.491 |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| Underweight | 0.39 (0.26, 0.57) | < 0.001 | 0.75 (0.55, 1.01) | 0.054 |
| Overweight | 1.43 (1.33, 1.52) | < 0.001 | 1.41 (1.31, 1.51) | < 0.001 |
| Obese | 1.83 (1.7, 1.97) | < 0.001 | 1.96 (1.73, 2.23) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 0.79 (0.74, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.155 |
| High | 0.64 (0.61, 0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.037 |
| Waist to hip ratio | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 2.2 (2.03, 2.39) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.29, 1.49) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | ||
| Former | 1 (0.87, 1.16) | 0.997 | 0.92 (0.83, 1.04) | 0.167 |
| Current | 0.82 (0.72, 0.92) | 0.002 | 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) | < 0.001 |
| Ever opium use | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.979 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 0.393 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Fars (ref) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Azari | 0.98 (0.86, 1.13) | 0.826 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.628 |
| Balouch | 1.26 (1.21, 1.31) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.297 |
| Kurd | 1.08 (0.8, 1.46) | 0.589 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.688 |
| Lor | 0.94 (0.77, 1.14) | 0.503 | 0.66 (0.38, 1.15) | 0.135 |
| Arab | 0.82 (0.56, 1.18) | 0.271 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.019 |
| Zaboli | 1.11 (1.08, 1.14) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.76, 0.87) | < 0.001 |
| Gilak | 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) | 0.652 | 0.94 (0.75, 1.18) | 0.584 |
| Turk nomad | 0.78 (0.7, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) | 0.937 |
| Arab nomad | 0.59 (0.32, 1.09) | 0.089 | 1.35 (1.04, 1.74) | 0.024 |
| Mazani | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.072 | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 0.991 |
| Mixed | 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) | 0.477 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.140 |
*All variables included in the adjusted model