Table 2.
Factors associated with awareness and control of diabetes among Iranian adults between 2014 and 2020
| Awareness | Control | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR* | p value | Adjusted OR* | p value | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.58 (1.32, 1.9) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.19, 1.63) | < 0.001 |
| Age categories | ||||
| 35–44 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 45–54 | 1.71 (1.44, 2.04) | < 0.001 | 0.66 (0.57, 0.76) | < 0.001 |
| 55–64 | 2.37 (2, 2.81) | < 0.001 | 0.70 (0.61, 0.8) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 65 | 2.58 (1.98, 3.37) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.93) | 0.007 |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 0.92 (0.73, 1.16) | 0.481 | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) | 0.557 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Non-married | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married | 1.21 (1.01, 1.45) | 0.042 | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 0.515 |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate (no schooling) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤ 5 years (primary) | 0.89 (0.79, 1) | 0.058 | 1.15 (1, 1.32) | 0.054 |
| 6–8 years (middle) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) | 0.396 | 1.2 (1.01, 1.44) | 0.040 |
| 9–12 years (secondary) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.1) | 0.230 | 1.18 (0.91, 1.54) | 0.205 |
| > 12 years (university) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) | 0.030 | 1.48 (1.14, 1.92) | 0.004 |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Quintile 2 | 1.22 (1.08, 1.37) | 0.003 | 0.9 (0.77, 1.06) | 0.200 |
| Quintile 3 | 1.12 (1.01, 1.25) | 0.034 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.677 |
| Quintile 4 | 1.25 (1.12, 1.4) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.495 |
| Quintile 5 (richest) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | 0.034 | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.695 |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| Underweight | 1.22 (0.64, 2.32) | 0.533 | 1.82 (0.85, 3.92) | 0.119 |
| Overweight | 0.66 (0.53, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) | 0.081 |
| Obese | 0.46 (0.39, 0.55) | < 0.001 | 1.31 (1.15, 1.48) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 0.001 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | 0.284 |
| High | 0.73 (0.62, 0.86) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (1, 1.18) | 0.049 |
| Waist to hip ratio | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 1.33 (1.06, 1.67) | 0.014 | 0.55 (0.5, 0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | ||
| Former | 0.99 (0.82, 1.2) | 0.953 | 1.09 (0.91, 1.3) | 0.345 |
| Current | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.034 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) | 0.867 |
| Ever opium use | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.01 (0.78, 1.3) | 0.936 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.28) | 0.325 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Fars | 1 | 1 | ||
| Azari | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | 0.846 | 1.17 (0.71, 1.93) | 0.521 |
| Balouch | 1.71 (1.47, 1.98) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.94) | 0.003 |
| Kurd | 1.14 (0.56, 2.34) | 0.709 | 1.28 (0.53, 3.08) | 0.567 |
| Lor | 1.54 (0.93, 2.57) | 0.092 | 1.43 (0.99, 2.06) | 0.055 |
| Arab | 1.74 (1.4, 2.15) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.473 |
| Zaboli | 1.30 (1.13, 1.49) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.1, 1.21) | < 0.001 |
| Gilak | 0.96 (0.8, 1.15) | 0.654 | 0.84 (0.55, 1.3) | 0.418 |
| Turk nomad | 1.02 (0.55, 1.89) | 0.951 | 1.23 (0.84, 1.79) | 0.283 |
| Arab nomad | 0.85 (0.72, 1.01) | 0.069 | 1.07 (0.75, 1.53) | 0.683 |
| Mazani | 1.31 (0.82, 2.07) | 0.246 | 1.22 (0.97, 1.54) | 0.084 |
| Mixed | 1.30 (1.03, 1.63) | 0.027 | 1.09 (0.78, 1.51) | 0.599 |
*All variables included in the adjusted model