Table 1.
Clinical characteristics
| Total population | Elderly patients (age ≥ 60 years) | p value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcopenia | Non-sarcopenia | |||
| Number | 1042 | 141 | 350 | |
| Age | 58.19 (57.41, 58.97) | 71.33 (70.18, 72.47) | 67.73 (67.11, 68.36) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (male %) | 631 (60.56) | 78 (55.32) | 193 (55.14) | 1.000 |
| Drinking (%) | 107 (10.27) | 8 (5.67) | 30 (8.57) | 0.352 |
| Current smoking (%) | 203 (19.48) | 12 (8.51) | 57 (16.29) | 0.031 |
| Family history (%) | 273 (26.20) | 16 (11.35) | 79 (22.57) | 0.004 |
| Diabetic duration (year) | 7.67 (7.25, 8.09) | 10.42 (9.08, 11.77) | 9.77 (8.97, 10.57) | 0.413 |
| Height (cm) | 165.39 (164.88, 165.89) | 160.74 (159.51, 161.97) | 164.31 (163.45, 165.17) | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 68.17 (67.36, 68.97) | 56.66 (55.28, 58.04) | 68.09 (67.06, 69.13) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 (24.58, 25.03) | 21.9 (21.45, 22.36) | 25.21 (24.88, 25.54) | < 0.001 |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.91 (0.91, 0.92) | 0.9 (0.89, 0.91) | 0.92 (0.91, 0.92) | 0.001 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 26.23 (25.68, 26.77) | 19.89 (18.79, 21) | 24.68 (23.80, 25.56) | < 0.001 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.25 (1.24, 1.26) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) | 1.21 (1.19, 1.23) | < 0.001 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.09 (7.03, 7.16) | 6.01 (5.89, 6.13) | 7.11 (7.02, 7.20) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 128.51 (127.53, 129.48) | 129.7 (127.15,132.26) | 130.89 (129.2, 132.59) | 0.686 |
| Heart rate (/min) | 77.11 (76.63, 77.59) | 77.26 (75.31, 79.21) | 76.20 (75.39, 77.00) | 0.248 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 39.98 (39.76, 40.21) | 38.79 (38.33, 39.25) | 39.57 (39.17, 39.98) | 0.011 |
| ALT (U/L) | 28.54 (27.2, 29.88) | 24.45 (21.45, 27.45) | 26.15 (24.17, 28.13) | 0.066 |
| AST (U/L) | 20.04 (19.12, 20.96) | 18.25 (16.57, 19.93) | 19.71 (18.21, 21.21) | 0.403 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.49 (4.42, 4.56) | 4.07 (3.89, 4.26) | 4.37 (4.24, 4.49) | 0.011 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.60 (1.90, 3.3) | 1.48 (1.27, 1.68) | 2.18 (1.50, 2.87) | 0.010 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.93 (1.89, 1.97) | 1.67 (1.56, 1.78) | 1.87 (1.80, 1.94) | 0.002 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.21 (1.19, 1.23) | 1.27 (1.22, 1.33) | 1.26 (1.21, 1.30) | 0.244 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.27 (2.26, 2.28) | 2.25 (2.23, 2.27) | 2.27 (2.26, 2.28) | 0.075 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) | 1.19 (1.18, 1.20) | 1.15 (1.12, 1.19) | 1.16 (1.14, 1.18) | 0.559 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 67.70 (66.26, 69.14) | 66.29 (61.95, 70.63) | 71.25 (68.75, 73.74) | 0.004 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 309.44 (301.44, 317.45) | 320.05 (278.21, 361.89) | 314.61 (303.22, 325.99) | 0.169 |
| White blood cell (× 109) | 6.00 (5.89, 6.11) | 5.59 (5.21, 5.97) | 6.03 (5.82, 6.23) | 0.062 |
| Red blood cell (× 1012) | 4.42 (4.38, 4.45) | 4.18 (4.10, 4.26) | 4.34 (4.29, 4.40) | 0.007 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 137.02 (134.95,139.09) | 129.21 (126.83, 131.59) | 133.91 (132.11, 135.71) | 0.003 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 8.67 (8.41, 8.93) | 8.14 (7.61,8.66) | 8.49 (8.15,8.84) | 0.257 |
| PBG (mmol/L) | 15.89 (15.36, 16.42) | 15.17 (13.8,16.55) | 16.28 (15.39, 17.17) | 0.195 |
| Fasting CP (ng/ml) | 1.44 (1.38, 1.49) | 1.4 (1.25, 1.55) | 1.39 (1.30, 1.48) | 0.978 |
| CP-120 min (ng/ml) | 3.83 (3.67, 4.00) | 3.76 (3.34, 4.17) | 3.76 (3.48, 4.04) | 0.863 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.03 (8.90, 9.15) | 9.15 (8.75, 9.54) | 9.09 (8.88, 9.3.0) | 0.909 |
| HOMA2-IR | 3.85 (3.59, 4.11) | 3.61 (3.17, 4.05) | 3.58 (3.33, 3.83) | 0.725 |
| Hypertension (%) | 540 (51.82) | 89 (63.12) | 237 (67.71) | 0.343 |
| Fatty liver (%) | 414 (39.73) | 23 (16.31) | 124 (35.43) | < 0.001 |
| DKD (%) | 132 (12.67) | 20 (14.18) | 50 (14.29) | 1.000 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 221 (21.21) | 42 (29.79) | 80 (22.86) | 0.133 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 245 (23.51) | 30 (21.28) | 97 (27.71) | 0.171 |
| Atherosclerosis (%) | 510 (48.94) | 121 (85.82) | 280 (80.00) | 0.156 |
| Osteoporosis (%) | 63 (6.05) | 33 (23.40) | 20 (5.71) | < 0.001 |
| Low bone mass (%) | 204 (19.58) | 49 (34.75) | 88 (25.14) | 0.035 |
BMI body mass index, SMI skeletal muscle index, ALT alanine transferase, AST aspartate transferase, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, FBG fasting blood glucose, PBG postprandial blood glucose, CP C-peptide, HbA1c hemoglobin, HOMA2-IR Homeostasis Model Assessment 2-Insulin Resistance, DKD diabetic kidney disease
*Sarcopenia vs. non-sarcopenia