Table 1.

Descriptive Characteristics

Variables	United States			Mexico
	Non-Hispanic Whites, % or mean (SD)	Mexican American, % or mean (SD)	Mexican immigrant, % or mean (SD)	Return migrants, % or mean (SD)	Nonmigrants, % or mean (SD)
Receive SSI	3.29	14.52	11.72	15.66	10.75
Age	70.36 (10.79)	66.35 (9.72)	63.44 (9.10)	68.89 (10.69)	66.82 (9.77)
Female	57.82	56.29	55.74	26.86	60.43
Education years	13.34 (2.60)	11.03 (3.67)	6.74 (4.51)	5.33 (4.53)	5.64 (4.73)
0 education years	0.40	1.80	10.41	18.19	18.49
1 to 12 education years	46.67	64.87	79.41	73.83	71.89
>12 education years	52.93	33.33	10.18	7.98	9.62
Monthly individual income
Tercile 1 (low)	27.54	47.86	67.93	23.94	25.61
Tercile 2 (middle)	34.65	30.01	24.02	40.60	41.29
Tercile 3 (high)	37.81	22.13	8.05	35.46	33.11
Working status
Working	25.64	30.29	43.31	45.97	36.34
Unemployed	1.34	1.66	2.84	0.84	0.44
Retired	68.80	60.86	34.56	17.50	15.32
Not in the labor force	4.22	7.19	19.29	35.69	47.90
Occupation most of life
White collar	50.04	32.78	8.05	8.14	10.82
Services	22.06	25.03	33.49	43.51	45.36
Agriculture	1.03	2.90	6.15	0.54	0.65
Blue collar	17.26	25.86	34.20	38.91	23.51
Military	0.67	0.55	0.24	0.00	0.05
Never worked	8.94	12.86	17.87	8.90	19.61
Contributed SS in the U.S.	-	-	-	28.93	-
Contributed SS in Mexico	-	-	-	44.13	42.02
Receive SS benefits in the U.S.	67.06	55.33	41.54	5.45	-
Receive SS and SSI benefits in the U.S.	2.31	10.65	9.94	-	-
Receive SS benefits in Mexico	-	-	-	23.64	27.77
U.S. citizen	-	-	20.71	3.61	-
Number of observations	11,090	723	845	1303	12,852

Note. SD = standard deviation; SS = Social Security; SSI = Supplemental Security Income.