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. 2021 Sep 27;118(41):e2101676118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2101676118

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Fig. 4. — Effects of liana cover on tree growth and reproductive output. (A) Change in tree (A. etbaica and A. drepanolobium) height following liana removal (n = 48 trees, 16 per treatment; linear mixed-effects model, treatment χ² = 6.06, degrees of freedom = 2, P = 0.048). Data are means ±1 SEM; lowercase letters denote significant differences between treatments in post hoc contrasts (Tukey’s HSD). (B) Relationship between liana cover and reproductive output (fruits + flowers) for A. etbaica (n = 24 trees) within UHURU −all exclosures (F_1,22 = 6.90, P = 0.015); note log scale on y-axis.