Table 4.
Psychosocial characteristics by nightmare status on the Nightmare Disorder Index
| Total sample (N = 460) | No nightmares (N = 224) | Subthreshold nightmare symptoms (N = 202) | Probable nightmare disorder (N = 34) | p* | Part. η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
| Depression (PHQ-9) | 3.68 (4.03) | 2.87 (3.51)a | 3.86 (3.86)b | 8.03 (5.21)c | <0.001 | 0.107 |
| Anxiety (GAD-7) | 2.83 (3.56) | 2.13 (3.20)a | 3.12 (3.45)b | 5.76 (4.72)c | <0.001 | 0.072 |
| Perceived Stress (PSS) | 12.33 (6.35) | 11.32 (6.25)a | 12.75 (6.19)b | 16.47 (6.17)c | <0.001 | 0.046 |
| PTSD Symptoms (PCL-5)+ | 19.12 (10.75) | 17.00 (8.99)a | 19.86 (11.20)b | 28.57 (13.06)c | <0.001 | 0.078 |
| Alcoholic Drinks per Week (QDS)+ | 2.50 (3.91) | 2.63 (3.28) | 3.19 (4.28) | 3.59 (5.18) | 0.414 | 0.007 |
| Chronotype (rCSM) | 19.23 (4.49) | 19.82 (4.54) | 18.73 (4.26) | 18.26 (4.99) | 0.090 | 0.017 |
| Personality Dimensions (BFI-2) | ||||||
| Openness | 3.73 (0.60) | 3.75 (0.62) | 3.71 (0.59) | 3.75 (0.60) | 0.838 | 0.001 |
| Conscientiousness | 4.22 (0.60) | 4.28 (0.59) | 4.20 (0.62) | 4.03 (0.54) | 0.171 | 0.012 |
| Extraversion | 3.62 (0.72) | 3.69 (0.73) | 3.59 (0.69) | 3.37 (0.69) | 0.116 | 0.015 |
| Agreeableness | 4.25 (0.49) | 4.28 (0.49) | 4.25 (0.45) | 4.01 (0.59) | 0.078 | 0.019 |
| Negative emotionality | 2.31 (0.74) | 2.17 (0.75)a | 2.38 (0.69)b | 2.86 (0.75)c | <0.001 | 0.062 |
Note. PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder-7; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist-5; QDS, Quick Drinking Screen; rCSM, reduced Composite Scale of Morningness; BFI-2, Big Five Inventory-2.
+For these measures, n = 459 due to missing data.
*p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using Holm–Bonferroni correction.
abcNonmatching letter pairs indicate significant difference for Tukey post-hoc comparisons across rows.