Table 1.
Data Collected From the Studies Investigating the Association Between Smoking and Developing MPNs.
| First Author | Year | Design | Country | Gender | Case | Results | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kroll et.al. | 2012 | Cohort | UK | F | 1.3 Million | Statistically significant trend for myelopro life rative disease (OR 1.42 (1.31-1.55)) but not for acute myeloid leukemia (1.10 (0.96-1.26)). | Positive association with smoking comparing frequent smokers with never smokers, the estimated relative risks of MPNs were approximately doubled in comparison to AML. |
| Pedersen et.al. | 2018 | Cohort | Denmark | M/F | 70 | MPN diagnosis for daily smokers was HR 2.5 (95% CI: 1.3-5.0). For ET, PV, MF, and MPN-unclassified, the HRs were 1.8 (95% CI: 0.5-5.8), 1.7 (95% CI: .5-5.8), 4.3 (95% CI: 0.9-19), and 6.2 (95% CI: 1.5-25), respectively. Among occasional/ex-smokers the corresponding HRs were 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1-3.3), 1.5 (95% CI: 0.6-3.7), 0.8 (95% CI: 0.3-2.4), 0.9 (95% CI: 0.2-4.4), and 6.2 (95% CI: 1.8-21). | Positive association beween smoking and all MPNs subtypes |
| Sørensen et.al. | 2015 | Case-control | Denmark | M/F | 323 | (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.16–2.30), Significant in ET (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.38–3.36), positive trend was observed for patients with PV (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 0.92–2.49), significant for females (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.36–3.75) for males, the association was insignificant (OR= 1.23, 95% CI: 0.77–1.97) | A significant association between a history of smoking and the risk of MPNs compared to CLL. |
| Duncombe et.al. | 2020 | Case-control | UK | M/F | 106 | High pack-years smoking (OR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.03–4.66) and current smoking restricted to PV cases (OR 3.73, 95% CI: 1.06–13.15). | Positive association between smoking and PV. |
| Leal et.al. | 2014 | Cohort | USA | F | 257 | PV was associated with current smoking (RR=2.83; p-trend= 0.016), while ET was not. | Positive association between smoking and PV in women. |
| Weinberg et.al. | 2012 | Case-control | Isreal | M/F | 81 | excess JAK2 mutation in smokers | Positive association between smoking and increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers. |
| Cordua et al. | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Denmark | M/F | 645 | Increasing age, smoking, and alcohol were risk factors for the mutations | Positive association between smoking and increased risk of JAK2 Mutation. |
| Skov et.al. | 2019 | Abstract (retrospective cross-sectional) | Denmark | M/F | 252 | Significantly higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers in smokers compared with never smokers possibly reflecting that smoking has a great impact on circulating levels of these biomarkers. | Positive association between smoking and increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers. |
| McMillan et.al. | 2015 | Abstract (Case-control) | UK | M/F | Not available | Positive association between cigarette smoking and MPNs. Participants working in occupations with high exposure to environmental tobacco smoke had an excess risk of MPN(OR 2.45, 95% CI: 1.12-5.37). | Positive association between MPNs and smoking/environmental tobacco smoke. |
Abbreviations: MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm; PV, polycythemia vera; ET, essential thrombocythemia; JAK2, janus kinase 2; CI, confidence intervals; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; RR, relative ratio.