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. 2021 Jul 26;3:704584. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.704584

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Copyright © 2021 Curvello, Kast, Abuwarwar, Fletcher, Garnier and Loessner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proliferation and morphology of spheroids formed by PDAC cells. The metabolic activity of MIA PaCa-2 (A) and PANC-1 (B) cells grown in collagen and collagen-nanocellulose hydrogels progressively increased over the 14 days culture period. (C) MIA PaCa-2 cells formed irregular clusters within all hydrogels tested, while PANC-1 cells formed round spheroids with larger diameters with increasing nanocellulose concentration. Scale bar = 100 μm. (D) Confocal micrographs of F-actin filaments (red) and nuclei (blue) of MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells in 3D culture. Scale bar = 50 μm. Results shown represent independent experiments performed in triplicates (n = 3, error bars = SD; * = p ≤ 0.05; ** = p ≤ 0.01; *** = p ≤ 0.001). COL, collagen; NC, nanocellulose; COL-NC-01, collagen-nanocellulose at 0.1 wt%; COL-NC-02, collagen-nanocellulose at 0.2 wt%.