Table 1.
Concepts (N = 29) under their categories (N = 9) resulting from grounded theory analysis including number (N) of associated codes, description, and exemplary quotes (translated).
| Concept | N | Description | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|
| Category: health beliefs [being healthy is…] | |||
| Working on health | 30 | When one frequently performs healthy behavior such as physical activity and maintaining a healthy diet. | “I'm eating healthy, I only drink in the weekends […] I frequently do yoga […] Yes I think that I'm being healthy” (Vo3) |
| Absence of complaints | 12 | The absence of complaints, symptoms, and disease. | “There was a time when I was heavier. I struggled with shortness of breath and cholesterol and I don't know what else.” (Vi6) |
| Participation | 12 | Being able to go out and participate in society. | “The first thing you have to do is to get up early and just go somewhere […] Otherwise you will not have active contacts with people who provide a positive influence or create chances for you” (Vi3) |
| Balance | 10 | Maintaining a balance between unhealthy and healthy behavior. | “I have other things. I don't drink for instance so that makes up for it quite a lot.” (Vo5) |
| Life under control | 10 | When you have a roof above your head and no major financial or social struggles. | “Unhealthy is when you don't have a roof above your head and you have to roam the streets.” (Vi5) |
| Category: consciousness [about health is impacted by…] | |||
| Complaints | 19 | The experience of health-related symptoms and complaints. | “I haven't visited the doctor in 30 years. My last painkiller I used when I was at high school” (Vo5) |
| Incident | 13 | The consideration of a health-related incident in the past. | “Yes, a significant impression. Before that [the incident] I was just flying blind.” (Vo3) |
| Concern | 11 | The extent to which one is concerned about their health. | “You can come up with all sorts of graphs, but I don't, I just don't want to worry about it. Maybe it is just very easy the way I live.” (Vi5) |
| Interest | 3 | The level of interest one has in their health. | “It doesn't interest me […]. I just eat whatever I like” (Vi3) |
| Category: motivation [to perform healthy behavior is impacted by…] | |||
| Future perspective | 22 | The consideration of its value toward future health. | “How important is the future for you?” “Well, I just hope to continue like this.” (Vo3) |
| Perceived barriers | 20 | The amount of financial, social, and environmental barriers one perceives. | “I have always had a one-sided diet. A lot of cheese for example. We didn't have a fridge at work.” (Vi1) |
| Feeling | 6 | The extent to it contributes to the subjective emotional state one experiences. | “Do you think it's important to do it [performing healthy behavior]?” “Yes, it makes you feel better.” (Vo2) |
| Enjoyment | 5 | The extent to which it impacts the level of joy in one's life. | “No, I don't really consider it [being healthy] that much. You also would want to enjoy life” (Vo4) |
| Category: control [one perceives to have over health is impacted by…] | |||
| Support | 24 | The amount of support one receives on managing their health. | “What facilitates you in doing it [healthy behavior]?” “To be honest, my friend. […] She supports me and shows me the ropes.” (Vo2) |
| Self-efficacy | 14 | The level of capabilities one perceives to have to change health-related behavior | “But you are not eager to quit, are you?” “I am my boy, however, I'm not able to. If you have a pill for me that I take and it makes me quit…” (Vi5) |
| Chance | 13 | The belief that what happens regarding health is all based on chance and coincidence. | “I'll not reach the age of 110, I'm not that healthy. Although, it doesn't say much actually because there are people who are 100 years old and they still smoke.” (Vi5) |
| Fatalism | 5 | The belief that what happens regarding one's health is subjugated to fate or destiny. | “You can't really do something about it [getting sick]. The only thing you can do is watch out [for accidents], that is the only thing.” (Vi3) |
| Category: healthcare experience [is impacted by…] | |||
| Communication | 13 | The quality of communication with the healthcare provider. | “I would like them to take more time for people like me, who do not fully understand it. Sometimes I really feel like a foreigner.” (Vo2) |
| Autonomy | 11 | The need one has to deserve autonomy within the healthcare process. | “I proposed it [not eating meat] once, however, my general practitioner told me not to do it. […] He didn't go into depth or asked me why I wanted that. He just advised me to keep eating meat” (Vo4) |
| Authority | 10 | The amount of authority one perceives their healthcare provider to have. | “It is not possible to change something about it yourself. If they say there is no solution then it has to be that way […] yes you know, they are the doctor.” (Vo1) |
| Personal | 4 | The need one has to be treated on a personal and humane level. | It was a nice guy, a physiotherapist. He always brought a ball of Feyenoord (football club in the Netherlands). […] Yes, the soccer I liked. However, all the other stuff, walking around, walking with a sack, and all of that. At a certain moment, I thought like. man. (Vi5) |
| Category: messages [reception is impacted by…] | |||
| Source Interpretation | 4 | The extent to which one perceives a conflict between different sources (e.g., healthcare, media, social environment) of health messages. | “The website that you visit… It can be that someone wrote it at home and it is not true. However, it can also be a doctor who wrote it, in that case, it is true.” (Vo1) |
| Nuances | 2 | The extent to which one can understand and apply nuances within health messages. | Yes, sugar, I have to minimize. […] Everything I have to minimize. Also, Carbohydrates. (Vi1) |
| Rules | 2 | The extent to which one interprets health messages as rules. | “Recently we have had this [healthy-lunch café] […] Everything must be healthy, and you are not allowed to eat meat. Well, I really like my piece of meat […]. In that case, just let me be unhealthy. I don't care; I just really like it.” (Vi5) |
| Doctor as information source | 2 | The fact that the health-related information came from a healthcare professional or not. | “I won't go and try out stuff from the internet and stuff. It has to come from the doctor.” (Vo1) |
| Category: eHealth [intention to use is impacted by…] | |||
| Enthusiasm | 7 | The belief in the positive aspects and potential of eHealth | “Yes, I find that really interesting. […] You just have to ask google what you have to do. For example, I bumped my toe a few times, and then you get an answer.” (Vi5) |
| Anxiety | 7 | The level of anxiety one experiences toward (prospective) usage of eHealth. | “It is too complicated. […] They told me I had to download something. Well, they did it for me. I don't know how it works.” (Vo2) |
| Exposure | 5 | The extent to which a person is exposed toward eHealth. | “I'm not entirely up to date what it can mean to me. Maybe I'm still thinking in the old way. I don't know what I'm missing.” (Vi3) |
| Trust | 1 | The level of trust in technology and its related privacy and safety risks. | “I always try to protect myself with anti-virus software […] If you have your gates open, you will collect all kinds of unwanted rubbish” (Vi2) |