Table 2.
Patients’ characteristics before vs. after implementing lipid enemas (“intention to treat analysis”)
| Before implementing lipid enemas (n = 203) |
After implementing lipid enemas (n = 196) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age; mean (weeks) | 27.1 (2.1) | 27.0 (2.2) | 0.67 |
| Gestational age; median (weeks) | 26.9 (23.3–31.9) | 26.9 (23.4–31.9) | |
| Birth weight; mean (g) | 764.5 (214.4) | 782.3 (210.0) | 0.41 |
| Birth weight; median (g) | 745.0 (280–1340) | 772.5 (240–1240) | |
| Male | 103/203 (50.7%) | 98/196 (50.0%) | 0.88 |
| Small for gestational age | 84/203 (41.4%) | 79/196 (40.3%) | 0.83 |
| Multiple births | 86/203 (42.4%) | 67/196 (34.2%) | 0.09 |
| Caesarean section | 187/203 (92.1%) | 181/196 (92.3%) | 0.93 |
| Antenatal corticosteroid therapy | 190/203 (93.6%) | 175/196 (89.3%) | 0.12 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 13/203 (6.4%) | 18/196 (9.2%) | 0.30 |
| Oligohydramnios | 16/203 (7.9%) | 6/196 (3.1%) | 0.04 |
| Chorioamnionitis | 48/203 (23.6%) | 37/196 (18.9%) | 0.25 |
| Apgar 1 | 5 (0–9) | 6 (0–9) | 0.04 |
| Apgar 5 | 8 (0–10) | 8 (2–10) | 0.84 |
| Apgar 10 | 9 (1–10) | 9 (4–10) | 0.23 |
| pH at birth | 7.3 (6.83–7.49) | 7.3 (6.85–7.48) | 0.85 |
| No. of surfactant doses | 1 (0–6) | 1 (0–5) | 0.45 |
| Moderate or severe BPD | 32/203 (15.8%) | 29/196 (14.8%) | 0.79 |
| Treatment with dexamethasone for BPD | 16/203 (7.9%) | 13/196 (6.6%) | 0.63 |
| Treatment with hydrocortisone: | |||
| for arterial hypotension | 30/203 (14.8%) | 25/196 (12.8%) | 0.56 |
| for BPD prophylaxis | 1/203 (0.5%) | 99/196 (50.5%) | < 0.01 |
| Treatment w. inhaled budesonide during first 14 days | 66/203 (32.5%) | 39/196 (19.9%) | < 0.01 |
| PDA treatment with Indomethacin | 90/203 (44.3%) | 27/196 (13.8%) | < 0.01 |
| PDA treatment with Ibuprofen | 44/203 (21.7%) | 46/196 (23.5%) | 0.67 |
| PDA ligation | 5/203 (2.5%) | 2/196 (1.0%) | 0.27 |
| IVH grades 1 to 3 | 32/203 (15.8%) | 25/196 (12.7%) | 0.39 |
| Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction | 9/203 (4.4%) | 11/196 (5.6%) | 0.59 |
| PVL | 5/203 (2.5%) | 2/196 (1.0%) | 0.27 |
| ROP treatment (laser/antibody) | 4/203 (2.0%) | 4/196 (2.0%) | 0.96 |
| Fed predominantly with EBM during first 14 days | 107/203 (52.7%) | 134/196 (68.4%) | < 0.01 |
| Duration of hospital stay (days) | 74 (1–232) | 72 (1–232) | 0.69 |
| Weight at discharge (g) | 2523.4 (887.7) | 2566.5 (819.7) | 0.58 |
| Mortality | 20/203 (9.9%) | 17/196 (8.7%) | 0.69 |
Data presented as mean (± standard deviation); median (minimum and maximum), or as the number of patients with percentages in parenthesis. BPD Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, DOL Day of life, EBM Expressed breast milk, IVH Intraventricular hemorrhage, PDA Patent ductus arteriosus, PVL Periventricular leukomalacia, ROP Retinopathy of prematurity