Table 2.
Problems that a system of personal health management should address and certain common technical solutions for them found in automated health management systems (AHMS) proposed in patent literature.
| Groups of problems | Proposed solutions | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Reactivity of health care: Lack of planned, regular, continuous proactive interaction with the patient Lack of adequate feedback from the patient, including feedback concerning assessment of health state and its changes over the course of treatment or follow-up Too late interventions due to lack of opportunity for mass screening, monitoring, and prevention |
Questionnaires to evaluate current health condition and NCD risks (17, 18, 31, 32, 35, 39, 47) Individualized questionnaires (37) Questionnaires to evaluate treatment efficacy (35) Consideration and analysis of early premorbid changes of health (17) Remote collection, transfer and analysis of information about symptoms and lifestyle factors (17, 18, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 57, 66, 68) Automated collection, exchange and analysis of patient's objective data (body measurements, laboratory tests) (17, 33, 35, 36, 39, 46–48, 52, 53, 56, 68) Use of portable or wearable device to evaluate physiological parameters, including laboratory data (17, 35, 39, 46, 48, 53, 56, 68, 70) |
| 2. | Insufficient productivity of the doctor: limited number of patients that he/she can follow simultaneously | Automated use of official clinical guidelines or standard programs to propose unified measures of risk reduction (32, 35, 46–48) Automated use of scientific publications to develop individualized recommendations (31, 33, 35, 37) Opening access for different doctors to patient's profile with information of health state and treatment schedule (67) Telemedicine-based interaction between patient and doctor (31, 39) The use of a digital model of physiology and machine learning-based artificial intelligence (68) |
| 3. | Lack of infrastructure for patient education, information and motivation to behavior change | Modification of patient's behavior through information and lifestyle recommendations (17, 18, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 46–48, 68) Interactive representation of educational information to the patient depending on the feedback (51) The use of community to motivate patients to lifestyle changes (through gamification) (62) Graphical display of signs and symptoms; matching them with patient's behavior (36, 58) Estimation of expected life span and healthcare expenses as a motivation tool (52) |
| 4. | High overall cost of health care, partially due to lack of prevention | Management of disease treatment (for diabetes) in home setting with complete cycle of data processing: collection, analysis, recommendations on patient's activities, control of compliance, evaluation of results (60) Keeping an analog of electronic medical record with individual planning and control of examinations and interventions (in a particular disease, diabetes) (61) |
| 5. | Insufficient consideration of patient's life context, beliefs, sources of resistance and motivation, evaluation of his/her condition Overall insufficient individualization of lifestyle guidelines and recommendations |
Individualized questionnaires (37) Evaluation of genetic polymorphisms for measuring NCD risks (32, 33) Consideration of patient's emotional state (stress, depression) (57) The use of integrative medicine (17, 21) Integration with third party data about patient's locations and behavior in social networks (18) |
| 6. | Insufficient patient's autonomy in self-diagnosing and prevention |
Teaching physical exercise with the use of telemonitoring and reference video (54, 55) The use of coaching (17, 31, 32, 39) Providing video instruction about necessary actions (based on individual goals) (51) Daily plan with reminding the patient about necessary measures (18, 56, 59) |
| 7. | Gaps is continuum of care | Long-term follow-up in home setting (17, 18, 31, 39, 51) |