Table 1.

Mapping of four digital epidemiology disciplines to WHO objectives of COVID-19 surveillance.

The objectives of COVID-19 surveillance	Sub-disciplines of digital epidemiology
“Enable rapid detection, isolation, testing, and management of suspected cases”	Early warning and Epidemic intelligence digital surveillance
“Monitor trends in COVID-19 deaths”	Digital surveillance
“Identify, follow up and quarantine of contacts”	Digital surveillance
“Detect and contain clusters and outbreaks, especially among vulnerable populations”	Rapid response, outbreak control digital interventions
“Guide the implementation and adjustment of targeted control measures, while enabling safe resumption of economic and social activities”	Rapid response, outbreak control digital interventions
“Evaluate the impact of the pandemic on health-care systems and society”	Public communication and the impact on healthcare and society
“Monitor longer-term epidemiologic trends and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 virus”	Digital surveillance
“Contribute to the understanding of the co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 virus, influenza and other respiratory viruses, and other pathogens”	Digital surveillance