Table 3.

Results of Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA examining PHQ-9 total score across demographic variables.

	Kruskal-Wallis X2	p-value	E2	Interpretation of effect size
Gender	20.45	<0.01	0.00525	Negligible
Age	106.46	<0.01	0.0273	Weak
Ethnicity	66.963	<0.01	0.0172	Weak
Living status	9.0161	<0.01	0.00232	Negligible
Education	29.618	<0.01	0.00761	Negligible
Employment status	132.67	<0.01	0.0341	Weak

E² represents one measure of the effect size of the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. Effect sizes 0.00 < 0.01 were considered negligible and those 0.01 < 0.04 were considered weak.