Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics | Total sample (N = 8255) | Urban (N = 1685) | Rural (N = 6570) | χ2/t | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 67.85 ± 6.37 | 68.19 ± 6.65 | 67.76 ± 6.29 | 2.431 | 0.012 |
| Missing, n(%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | ||
| Gender, n(%) | 1.568 | 0.210 | |||
| Male | 4159(50.4) | 826(49.0) | 3333(50.7) | ||
| Female | 4096(49.6) | 859(51.0) | 3237(49.3) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | ||
| Marital status, n(%) | 0.180 | 0.672 | |||
| Married/cohabitating | 6386(77.4) | 1310(77.7) | 5076(77.3) | ||
| Single | 1869(22.6) | 375(22.3) | 1494(22.7) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | ||
| Living status, n(%) | 12.366 | 0.002 | |||
| Living alone | 996(12.1) | 163(9.7) | 833(20.1) | ||
| Just living with a spouse | 2077(25.2) | 439(26.1) | 1638(39.6) | ||
| Living with child or others | 2128(25.8) | 458(27.2) | 1670(40.3) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 3054(37.0) | 625(37.1) | 2429(37.0) | ||
| Educational background, n(%) | 952.066 | < 0.001 | |||
| Uneducated | 4202(50.9) | 408(24.2) | 3794(57.7) | ||
| Primary school | 1822(22.5) | 337(20.0) | 1485(22.6) | ||
| Middle school | 1116(13.5) | 392(23.3) | 724(11.0) | ||
| High school and above | 608(7.4) | 338(20.1) | 270(4.1) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 507(6.1) | 210(12.5) | 297(4.5) | ||
| Smoking status, n(%) | 18.432 | < 0.001 | |||
| Current /Former | 3657(44.3) | 669(39.7) | 2988(45.5) | ||
| Never | 4591(55.6) | 1016(60.3) | 3575(54.5) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 7(0.1) | 0(0.0) | 7(0.1) | ||
| Alcohol drinking, n(%) | 1.249 | 0.264 | |||
| Yes | 2747(33.3) | 580(34.4) | 2167(33.0) | ||
| No | 5503(66.7) | 1104(65.5) | 4399(67.0) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 5(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 4(0.1) | ||
| BMI, n(%) | 123.646 | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 4196(50.8) | 525(37.1) | 3571(54.4) | ||
| Underweight | 506(6.1) | 42(2.5) | 464(7.1) | ||
| Overweight | 1836(22.2) | 437(25.9) | 1399(21.3) | ||
| Obese | 308(3.7) | 86(5.1) | 222(3.4) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 1409(17.1) | 495(29.4) | 914(13.9) | ||
| Number of chronic diseases, n(%) | 12.954 | 0.002 | |||
| 0 | 1352(16.4) | 217(12.9) | 1135(17.3) | ||
| 1 | 2067(25.0) | 393(23.3) | 1674(25.5) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 3996(48.4) | 819(48.6) | 3177(48.4) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 840(10.2) | 256(15.2) | 584(8.9) | ||
| Satisfaction with relationship of child, n(%) | 0.653 | 0.663 | |||
| Satisfied | 7197(87.2) | 1461(86.7) | 5736(87.3) | ||
| Fair | 301(3.6) | 58(3.4) | 241(3.7) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 757(9.2) | 166(9.9) | 591(9.0) | ||
| ADL, n(%) | 50.545 | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal | 4150(50.3) | 898(53.3) | 3252(49.5) | ||
| Decline | 2093(25.4) | 296(17.6) | 1797(27.4) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 2012(24.4) | 491(29.1) | 1521(23.2) | ||
| Depressive symptoms, n(%) | 138.334 | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3099(37.5) | 424(25.2) | 2675(40.7) | ||
| No | 5156(62.5) | 1261(74.8) | 3895(59.3) | ||
| Missing, n(%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) |
Note: The missing rate of variables were similar in the urban and rural sample except educational background, BMI, and number of chronic diseases. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, ADL activities of daily living