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. 2021 Oct 18;21:1113. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-07052-5

Table 2.

Panel OLS and 2SLS regression estimates

OLS model OP costs IP costs Total costs
ln ICOC

-0.07

(0.005)

 *

-1.71

(0.03)

 **

-0.30

(0.006)

 **
DCSI score

0.21

(0.002)

 *

0.44

(0.01)

 *

0.25

(0.002)

 *
P4P

0.33

(0.005)

 *

-0.27

(0.03)

 *

0.26

(0.01)

 *
Accreditation level (ref = community hospital)
Medical center

0.07

(0.01)

 *

0.64

(0.06)

 *

0.16

(0.01)

 *
Regional hospital

0.08

(0.01)

 *

0.49

(0.05)

 *

0.12

(0.01)

 *
Clinics

-0.40

(0.01)

 *

-0.68

(0.05)

 *

-0.45

(0.01)

 *
Ownership (ref = for-profit)
Public

0.12

(0.01)

 *

0.004

(0.05)

0.12

(0.01)

 *
Non-profit

0.17

(0.01)

 *

-0.11

(0.05)

 *

0.16

(0.01)

 *
constant

9.18

(0.01)

 *

0.86

(0.04)

 *

9.31

(0.01)

 *
rho 0.50 0.20 0.39
Overall R2 0.25 0.10 0.26
2SLS model
ln ICOC

1.03

(0.26)

 *

-11.62

(1.93)

 **

-1.07

(0.31)

 **
DCSI score

0.12

(0.01)

 *

0.30

(0.07)

 *

0.12

(0.01)

 *
P4P

0.26

(0.01)

 *

-0.40

(0.07)

 *

0.16

(0.01)

 *
Accreditation level (ref = community hospital)
Medical center

0.09

(0.01)

 *

0.81

(0.09)

 *

0.21

(0.01)

 *
Regional hospital

0.05

(0.01)

 *

0.85

(0.10)

 *

0.16

(0.02)

 *
Clinics

-0.47

(0.01)

 *

-0.59

(0.06)

 *

-0.51

(0.01)

 *
Ownership (ref = for-profit)
Public

0.08

(0.01)

 *

0.17

(0.07)

 *

0.11

(0.01)

 *
Non-profit

0.11

(0.01)

 *

-0.03

(0.06)

0.101

(0.01)

 *
F (15,152049) 3335 * 238 * 2283 *
Tests of instruments

Weak Instrument

(Anderson-Rubin Wald test F)

 23.3 * 61.46 * 12.54 *
Wald test for endogeneity χ2(1) 30.56 * 46.68 * 5.75 †

Note: *: p-value < 0.01; †: p-value < 0.05