Table 3.
Random effects Models Among Older People With Limitations in China
| Receiving informal carea | Intensity of informal careb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| LN (income) | 0.979 (0.064) | 1.062 (0.107) | 0.019 (0.009)** | 0.018 (0.009)** |
| Limitations in ADLs | 2.049 (0.241)*** | 2.084 (0.254)*** | 0.237 (0.007)*** | 0.239 (0.007)*** |
| LN (income) × Limitations in ADLs | 1.055 (0.058) | 0.017 (0.004)*** | ||
| Needs-related variables | ||||
| Age | 1.049 (0.013)*** | 1.049 (0.013)*** | 0.011 (0.002)*** | 0.010 (0.002)*** |
| Male | 1.393 (0.305) | 1.392 (0.305) | −0.017 (0.029) | −0.016 (0.029) |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Bad | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Fair | 1.045 (0.263) | 1.046 (0.264) | 0.002 (0.033) | 0.004 (0.033) |
| Good | 1.152 (0.307) | 1.161 (0.309) | 0.029 (0.035) | 0.032 (0.035) |
| Number of chronic diseases | 1.111 (0.081) | 1.112 (0.081) | 0.029 (0.009)*** | 0.029 (0.009)*** |
| Cognitive function scores | 0.986 (0.012) | 0.985 (0.012) | −0.009 (0.001)*** | −0.009 (0.001)*** |
| Variables not related to needs | ||||
| Education attainment | ||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Elementary school | 1.191 (0.364) | 1.194 (0.365) | −0.050 (0.039) | −0.048 (0.039) |
| Middle school and above | 1.438 (1.046) | 1.442 (1.049) | 0.007 (0.082) | 0.012 (0.082) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Widowed | 1.276 (0.357) | 1.272 (0.355) | 0.235 (0.041)*** | 0.235 (0.041)*** |
| Other | 0.308 (0.154)** | 0.304 (0.152)** | 0.463 (0.118)*** | 0.462 (0.118)*** |
| Residence | ||||
| City | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Town | 1.437 (0.437) | 1.441 (0.439) | −0.334 (0.037)*** | −0.334 (0.037)*** |
| Rural | 1.000 (0.240) | 1.000 (0.241) | −0.281 (0.032)*** | −0.282 (0.032)*** |
| Coresidence with family members | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 2.539 (0.651)*** | 2.516 (0.646)*** | 0.199 (0.050)*** | 0.191 (0.050)*** |
| Number of surviving children | 1.010 (0.052) | 1.010 (0.052) | 0.007 (0.007) | 0.007 (0.006) |
| Financial assistance from children | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.064 (0.284) | 1.055 (0.282) | 0.023 (0.035) | 0.025 (0.035) |
| Living in the community with care services | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.992 (0.251) | 0.991 (0.251) | −0.060 (0.032)* | −0.060 (0.032)* |
| Year | ||||
| 2005 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 2008 | 1.077 (0.279) | 1.081 (0.279) | 0.072 (0.033)** | 0.075 (0.033)** |
| 2011 | 1.075 (0.305) | 1.079 (0.307) | −0.017 (0.039) | −0.015 (0.039) |
| 2014 | 1.086 (0.364) | 1.094 (0.367) | 0.009 (0.046) | 0.011 (0.046) |
| _cons | 0.081 (0.107) | 0.146 (0.216) | 2.168 (0.179)*** | 2.173 (0.179)*** |
| N | 11,158 | 11,158 | 10,203 | 10,203 |
Note: Ref = reference; ADL = activities of daily living; _cons, the constant in the regression; LN, natural logarithm of a number.
aModels 1 and 2 are results of receiving informal care from random effects multinomial logistic regression models. The reference category is receiving no care. Results of receiving formal care are given in Supplementary Table 3. Values in the cells represent odds ratio (standard error).
bModels 3 and 4 are results of random effects linear regression models. Values in the cells represent coefficient (standard error).
***p < .01, **p < .05, *p < .1.