Table 1.
Main characteristics of the included studies.
| Study, year | Country | No. of patients | Clinical setting | Age (years) | PSA (ng/ml) | Clinical T stage | Gleason score | Type of study | Inclusion interval | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n) | Metastasis | New or treated | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Range | Median | Range | |||||
| n | % | |||||||||||||
| Even-Sapir et al. (8) | Israel | 44 | 23 | 52.27 | Mixed | 71.6 ± 8.8 | NR | NR | ≥20 | NR | NR | ≥8 | P | NR |
| Eschmann et al. (43) | Germany | 44 | 44 | 100.00 | Mixed | Median 64.1 | 51–79 | Median 5.4 | 0.15–200 | T1–T4 | NR | NR | R | 11.2004–01.2006 |
| Lecouvet et al. (44) | USA | 66 | 41 | 62.12 | Mixed | 74 | 46–85 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | P | NR |
| Nemeth et al. (45) | USA | 8 | 7 | 87.50 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | R | 1998–2004 |
| Beheshti et al. (46) | Austria | 38 | NR | – | Mixed | 69 ± 8 | NR | 56 ± 64 | NR | NR | NR | NR | P | NR |
| Beheshti et al. (6) | Austria | 70 | NR | – | Mixed | 68 ± 7 | NR | NR | ≥10 | NR | NR | ≥7 | P | NR |
| Venkitaraman et al. (47, 48) | UK | 99 | 14 | 14.14 | Newly diagnosed | Median 66 | 44–83 | Median 26.5 | 2–1600 | NR | 7 | 6–10 | P | 12.2001–12.2005 |
| Venkitaraman et al. (47, 48)# | UK | 39 | 10 | 25.64 | Newly diagnosed | Median 65 | 54–82 | Median 34 | 5–1300 | T1–T4 | 8 | 5–9 | P | 12.2001–07.2004 |
| Fuccio et al. (50) | Italy | 25 | 22 | 88.00 | Treated | 70.2 | 58–80 | Median 6.3 | 0.2–37.7 | T2N0/Nx M0-T4N1M0 | 7 | 6–9 | R | NR |
| Iagaru et al. (51) | USA | 18 | 9 | 50.00 | Mixed | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | P | 09.2007–12.2010 |
| Langsteger et al. (52) | Austria | 40 | 22 | 55.00 | Mixed | 66 | 51–82 | NR | 0.38–617 | NR | NR | 4–9 | P | 01.2003–12.2009 |
| Bortot et al. (53) | Brazil | 9 | 2 | 22.22 | NR | 67.6 | 56–82 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | P | NR |
| Jadvar et a (54) | USA | 37 | 14 | 37.84 | Treated | Median 71.1 | 53.5–86.9 | Median 3.2 | 0.5–40.2 | T1c–T3 | NR | NR | P | 22.09.2010–23.06.2011 |
| Lecouvet et al. (55) | Belgium | 100 | 51 | 51.00 | Mixed | 69 | 53–88 | 32 | 12–78 | ≥T3b | NR | ≥8 | P | 03.2007–03.2010 |
| Mosavi et al. (56) | Sweden | 49 | 5 | 10.20 | Newly diagnosed | Median 67 | 57–80 | Median 14 | 1.3–950 | T1c–T4 | 9 | 8–10 | P | 01.2009–03.2011 |
| Picchio et al. (57) | Italy | 78 | 27 | 34.62 | Treated | 69 | 47–82 | 21.1 | 0.2–500.0 | T2N0–T4N0 | NR | NR | R | 03.2005–02.2010 |
| Takesh et al. (58) | Germany | 37 | 18 | 48.65 | Treated | 69 ± 7 | NR | 2.6 | 0.3–21 | NR | 7 | 3–9 | R | NR |
| Damle et al. (59) | India | 49 | 32 | 65.31 | Mixed | 65 | 50–84 | NR | NR | T3/T4 | NR | 8–10 | P | NR |
| Kitajima et al. (60) | USA | 95 | 16 | 16.84 | Treated | 65.7 | 49–87 | Median 2.5 | 0.58–68.3 | T2N0–any T N1 | 7 | 2–10 | R | 12.2011–01.2013 |
| Pasoglou et al. (61) | Belgium | 30 | 9 | 30.00 | Treated | Median 62.5 | 51.0–92.0 | Median 30 | 1.7–4612.0 | cT2–cT4 | 7.8 | 6–9 | P | NR |
| Piccardo et al. (62) | Italy | 21 | 6 | 28.57 | Treated | 77.2 ± 5.1 | 70–85 | 5.8 ± 3.4 | 2.2–13.4 | NR | 8 | 7–9 | P | NR |
| Poulsen et al. (63) | Denmark | 50 | NR | – | Treated | 73 ± 8.6 | 53–94 | Median 84 | 4–5740 | NR | 7 | 5–10 | P | 05.2009–03.2012 |
| Evangelista et al. (64) | Italy | 48 | 11 | 22.92 | Newly diagnosed | 70 | 49–86 | 38.34 ± 90.12 | 2.80–581.0 | T2–T4 | NR | 6–10 | R | 04.2010-04.2013 |
| Pasoglou et al. (65) | Belgium | 30 | 10 | 33.33 | Mixed | 69 | NR | 31 ± 28 | NR | NR | NR | NR | P | 02.2012–12.2012 |
| Sampath et al. (66) | USA | 38 | 22 | 57.89 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | R | 09.2007–07.2013 |
| Wieder et al. (67) | Germany | 57 | 50 | 87.72 | Treated | Median 86 | 54–80 | 29.9 | 1–670 | NR | 8 | 6–9 | P | NR |
| Barchetti et al. (68) | Italy | 152 | 70 | 46.05 | Treated | NR | 53–88 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ≥7 | P | 09.2011–01.2014 |
| Conde-Moreno et al. (69) | Spain | 35 | 17 | 48.57 | Treated | Median 70 ± 6.77 | 52–80 | Median 12 | 4.54–75.86 | T1N0M0–T4N0M0 | 7 | 5–9 | P | 01.2014–03.2015 |
| Nanni et al. (70) | Italy | 89 | 6 | 6.74 | Mixed | 69 | 55–83 | 6.99 | 0.20–20.72 | T1N0/Nx–T3N0/Nx | NR | NR | P | NR |
| Woo et al. (71) | Korea | 308 | 21 | 6.82 | Newly diagnosed | 68.5 ± 7.8 | 38–91 | 30.9 | 1.2–955.5 | NR | 7 | 6–10 | R | 01.2013-12.2013 |
| Yi et al. (72) | China | 26 | 12 | 46.15 | Mixed | 72.2 | 60–88 | NR | ≥20 | T2–T4 | NR | 8–10 | P | 08.2010–11.2014 |
| Fonager et al. (73) | Denmark | 37 | 27 | 72.97 | Mixed | 71 | 46–87 | Median 180 | 53–9708 | T1–T4 | 9 | 7–10 | R | 02.2014–12.2015 |
| Huysse et al. (74) | Belgium | 64 | 62 | 96.88 | Treated | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | P | NR |
| Janssen et al. (75) | Germany | 54 | 29 | 53.70 | Mixed | 69.6 ± 6.5 | NR | 38.4 ± 77.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | P | NR |
| Kitajima et al. (76) | Japan | 21 | 11 | 52.38 | Mixed | 70.6 ± 10.8 | 47–90 | 342.9 | 0.2–5916 | NR | NR | NR | P | 01.2015–01.2017 |
| Vargas et al. (77) | USA | 228 | 57 | 25.00 | Newly diagnosed | Median 63 | 36-83 | Median 6.3 | 0.4–222 | T1c–T4 | 7 | 6–≥8 | R | 01.2000–06.2014 |
| Wondergem et al. (78) | Netherlands | 104 | 61 | 58.65 | Mixed | 74.9 | 49–93 | Median 88.7 | 2.5–13500 | T1–T4 | 9 | 6–10 | R | 01.2011–04.2012 |
| Dyrberg et al. (79) | Denmark | 55 | 20 | 36.36 | Newly diagnosed | 75 ± 9 | 54–91 | 85 | 5–1000 | NR | 8 | 6–10 | P | 05.2016–06.2017 |
| Kawanaka et al. (80) | Japan | 30 | 17 | 56.67 | Treated | 71.3 ± 9.0 | 47–90 | 65.2 ± 177.4 | 0.23–946 | NR | NR | NR | R | 01.2015–07.2017 |
| Larbi et al. (81) | Belgium | 50 | 37 | 74.00 | Newly diagnosed | 67 ± 10 | 59–87 | NR | ≥20 | NR | NR | ≥ 8 | R | 01.2015–12.2015 |
| Lengana et al. (82) | South Africa | 113 | 26 | 23.01 | Mixed | 66.65 | 43–88 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | P | NR |
| Zacho et al. (83) | Denmark | 68 | 10 | 14.71 | Treated | 67.2 | 47–80 | NR | 0.2–11 | M0–M1 | 7 | 5–9 | P | NR |
| Chen et al. (84) | USA | 106 | 14 | 13.21 | Mixed | Median 70 | 47–80 | Median 1.3 | 0–61 | NR | 8 | 6–10 | R | 01.2017–01.2018 |
| Johnston et al. (85) | UK | 56 | 5 | 8.93 | Newly diagnosed | 67.9 | 57.9–84.4 | Median 20.05 | 10.07–61.20 | NR | 7 | 6–10 | P | 07.2012–11.2015 |
| Uslu–besli et al. (86) | Turkey | 28 | 11 | 39.29 | Mixed | 67.3 ± 7.4 | 49–82 | 25.49 ± 32.7 | 0.5–125.1 | NR | 7 | 6–9 | R | 03.2015-03.2016 |
SD, Standard deviation; NR, Not reported; PSA, Prostate specific antigen; P, Prospective; R, Retrospective. #Represents different study.