Table II.

Results of disinfection methods used on environmental surfaces

	Study	Virus	Disinfectant	Disinfection phase	Exposure time	Reduction of viral infectivity (log10) or (%)	Reduction of viral half-life (t1/2)
1	Anderson et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	Virusend (TX-10) detergent	Suspension test and stainless steel disc surface	1 min	4.0 log10	(-)
					10 min	4.0 log10
2	Bedell et al. (2016)	MHV-A59	Multiple-emitter, automated, continuous, whole-room UV-C disinfection system	Glass coverslip surface	5 min	2.71 log10	(-)
					10 min	6.11 log10
		MERS-CoV			5 min	5.91 log10
					10 min	(-)
3	Behzadinasab et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	Cu2O/PU coating film	Glass surface	1 h	3.64 log10	(-)
				Stainless steel surface		2.97 log10
4	Biryukov et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	24°C + 20% relative humidity	Stainless steel, ABS plastic and nitrile rubber surfaces	(-)	(-)	15.33 h ± 2.75
			24°C + 40% relative humidity				11.52 h ± 1.72
			24°C + 60% relative humidity				9.15 h ± 3.39
			24°C + 80% relative humidity				8.33 h ± 1.80
			35°C + 20% relative humidity				7.33 h ± 1.33
			35°C + 40% relative humidity				7.52 h ± 1.22
			35°C + 60% relative humidity				2.26 h ± 1.42
5	Casanova et al. (2010)	TGEV and MHV	4°C + 20% relative humidity	Stainless steel surface	28 days	0.5 log10	(-)
			4°C + 50% relative humidity		21 days	3.5 log10
			4°C + 80% relative humidity		28 days	3.2 log10 (TGEV) and 2.5 log10 (MHV)
			20°C + 20% relative humidity		28 days	2 log10
			20°C + 50% relative humidity		3 days (TGEV) and 5 days (MHV)	2 log10 (TGEV) and 3 log10 (MHV)
			20°C + 80% relative humidity		14 days (TGEV) 11 days (MHV)	3 log10 (TGEV) and 5 log10 (MHV)
			40°C + 20% relative humidity		5 days	3.5 log10 (TGEV) and 4.7 log10 (MHV)
			40°C + 50% relative humidity		(-)	(-)
			40°C + 80% relative humidity		3 h	2.8 log10 (TGEV) and 4.1 log10 (MHV)
6	Colnago et al. (2020)	ACoV	Household dishwashing detergent (2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 6% linear alkylbene sulfonates)	Suspension test	10 min	>4 log10	(-)
7	Criscuolo et al. (2021)	SARS-CoV-2	UV-C	Glass	15 min	>99.9%	(-)
				Plastic		>99.9%
				Gauze		>99.9%
				Wood		0.0%
				Fleece		90.0%
				Wool		94.4%
			Ozone (0.2 ppm)	Glass	2 h	90.0%
				Plastic		82.2%
				Gauze		96.8%
				Wood		93.3%
				Fleece		>99.9%
			Ozone (4 ppm)	Glass	2 h	94.4%
				Plastic		90.0%
				Gauze		99.8%
				Wood		(-)
				Fleece		99.7%
8	Gamble et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	Uncovered plate oven (70°C)	Suspension test	(-)	(-)	∼37 min
			Covered plate oven (70°C)				∼3 min and 56 s
			Closed vial oven (70°C)				∼51.6 s
			Closed vial heat block (70°C)				∼1 min and 55 s
9	Gerchman et al. (2020)	HCoV-OC43	UV-LED (267 nm wavelength, 6–7 mJ/cm2)	Suspension test	60 s	>3 log10	(-)
			UV-LED (279 nm wavelength, 6–7 mJ/cm2)			>3 log10
			UV-LED (286 nm wavelength, 13 mJ/cm2)		90 s	>3 log10
			UV-LED (297 nm wavelength, 32 mJ/cm2)			>3 log10
10	Heilingloh et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	UV-C 1.94 mJ/cm2/s	Suspension test	9 min	Total inactivation	(-)
			UV-A 0.54 mJ/cm2/s			1 log reduction
			combined (UV-C and UV-A)			Total inactivation
11	Hulkower et al. (2011)	TGEV	9.09% O-phenylphenol, 7.66% P-tertiary amylphenol	Stainless steel surface	1 min	2.03 log10	(-)
			6% sodium hypochlorite			0.35 log10
			0.55% ortho-phthalaldehyde			2.27 log10
			70% ethanol			3.19 log10
			62% ethanol			4.04 log10
			71% ethanol			3.51 log10
		MHV	9.09% O-phenylphenol, 7.66% P-tertiary amylphenol			1.33 log10
			6% sodium hypochlorite			0.62 log10
			0.55% ortho-phthalaldehyde			1.71 log10
			70% ethanol			3.92 log10
			62% ethanol			2.66 log10
			71% ethanol			1.98 log10
12	Khaiboullina et al. (2020)	HCoV	TNP coating + UV-C (254 nm wavelength)	Glass coverslip surface	TNP (20 min to dry or left wet) o and UV-C (30 s and 1 minute)	Reduction in viral copies on both wet and dry surfaces potentiated by the addition of TNP	(-)
13	Liu et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	Ultra-high power UV-C	Suspension test	1 s	100%	(-)
14	Malenovská (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	99% water, caprylyl/capryl glucoside, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate	Plastic (4°C)	24 h	∼1.9 log10	(-)
					48 h	∼2.6 log10
					72 h	∼2.2 log10
					96 h	>1 log10
					120	>0.3 log10
			Water, ethanol (0.6 g/wipe), glycerine, Aloe barbadensis leaf extract, chlorhexidine digluconate		24 h	2.4 log10
					48 h	2.2 log10
					72 h	>1.8 log10
					96 h	>1 log10
					120 h	>0.3 log10
			0.75% didecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, less than 5% non-ionic surface active agent, cationic surface active agent, bleaching agent based on oxygen, perfume, limonene, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate		24 h	>3.3 log10
					48 h	>3.1 log10
					72 h	>2.3 log10
					96 h	Not performed
					120 h	Not performed
15	Martins et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	Ozonated water [0.2–0.8 ppm (mg/L)]	Suspension test	1 min	2 log10	(-)
16	Meyers et al. (2021)	HCoV	62% ethanol	Porcelain surface	15 s, 30 s, 1 min	>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10	(-)
			70% ethanol			>4 log10, >4 log10,>4 log10
			75% ethanol			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			80% ethanol			>4 log10, ≥4 log10, >4 log10
			95% ethanol			>2 log10, 2–3 log10, 1–2 log10
			70% isopropanol			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			75% isopropanol			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			80% isopropanol			>4 log10, >4 log10,>4 log10
			95% isopropanol			>4 log10, 3–4 log10, 3–4 log10
			0.0525% sodium hypochlorite			1–2 log10, 2–3 log10, 2–3 log10
			0.525% sodium hypochlorite			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			0.1% sodium hypochlorite			Not performed
			Glutaraldehyde			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			62% ethanol	Ceramic surface		>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			70% ethanol			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			75% ethanol			3–4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			80% ethanol			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			95% ethanol			1–2 log10, 1–2 log10, 1–2 log10
			70% isopropanol			>4 log10, 3–4 log10, >4 log10
			75% isopropanol			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			80% isopropanol			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			95% isopropanol			3–4 log10, 1–2 log10, 1–2 log10
			0.0525% sodium hypochlorite			1–3 log10, 1–2 log10, 1–2 log10
			0.525% sodium hypochlorite			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			0.1% sodium hypochlorite			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
			Glutaraldehyde			>4 log10, >4 log10, >4 log10
17	Monge et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	Cationic phenylene ethynylene polymers (conjugated electrolytes)	Suspension test	10 min	1–5 log	(-)
			Cationic phenylene ethynylene oligomers (conjugated electrolytes)		20 min	1.5 log
					60 min	5 log
18	Rabenau et al. (2005)	SARS-CoV	Mikrobac forte (0.5% benzalkonium chloride and laurylamine)	Suspension test	30 min	≥6.13 log10	(-)
			Korsolin FF (0.5% benzalkonium chloride, glutaraldehyde and didecyldimonium chloride)			≥3.75 log10
			Dismozon pur (magnesium monoperphthalate)			≥4.5 log10
			Korsolex basic [4% glutaraldehyde and (ethylenedioxy) dimethanol]		15 min	≥3.5 log10
			Korsolex basic [3% glutaraldehyde and (ethylenedioxy) dimethanol]		30 min	≥3.5 log10
			Korsolex basic [2% glutaraldehyde and (ethylenedioxy) dimethanol]		60 min	≥3.5 log10
19	Ratnesar-Shumate et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	37°C + 5% CO2	Stainless steel coupons	20 min	1.6 W/m2 UV-B ->∼2.5 log10	(-)
						0.7 W/m2 UV-B ->∼2.2 log10
						0.3 W/m2 UV-B ->∼2.5 log 10
						Darkness ->0.5 log10
20	Wood and Payne (1998)	HCoV	Dettol (5% chloroxylenol)	Suspension test	1 min	0.0 log10	(-)
			Dettol for hospitals (1% benzalkonium chloride)			0.0 log10
			Savlon (5% cetrimide and chlorhexidine gluconate)			0.0 log10
21	Franke et al. (2021)	Bacteriophage F6 (phi 6)	Ozone (80 ppm) + 90% relative humidity	Melamine-coated solid core panels	60 min	4.29 log10	(-)
				Ceramic tiles		6.15 log10
				Stainless steel carriers		5.31 log10
		Bovine coronavirus		Melamine-coated solid core panels		5.03 log10
				Ceramic tiles		4.88 log10
				Stainless steel carriers		5.31 log10
22	Gidari et al. (2021)	SARS-CoV-2	23–25°C + 40–50 relative humidity	Plastic	(-)	(-)	3.5 h
				Stainless steel carriers			4.4 h
				Glass			4.2 h
			UV-C (254 nm)	Plastic	20.06 mJ/cm2 (36 s)	>4.00 log10	(-)
				Stainless steel carriers	20.06 mJ/cm2 (36 s)	>4.00 log10
				Glass	10.25 mJ/cm2 (21 s)	>4.00 log10
23	Hu et al. (2021)	SARS-CoV-2	Ozonated water (36 mg/L)	Suspension test	0 min	0.0 log10	(-)
					1 min	∼5 log10
					5 min	∼5 log10
					10 min	∼5 log10
			Ozonated water (18 mg/L)		1 min	∼5 log10
24	Ijaz et al. (2020)	MHV-1	0.12% p-chloro-m-xylenol (PCMX)	Glass	0.5 min	≥4.2 log10	(-)
		HCoV-229E			10 min	≥4.0 log10
		SARS-CoV			5 min	≥6.0 log10
		MERS-CoV			5 min	≥5.0 log10
		SARS-CoV-2		Suspension test	1 min	≥5.0 log10
		HCoV-229E (1), SARS-CoV (2), SARS-CoV-2 (3)	PCMX (0.125% w/v)	Glass + organic load	5–10 min	(1) ≥4.0 log10, (2) ≥6.0 log10, (3) not performed
			Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride QAC (0.19% w/w)		1.75 min	(1) ≥6.0 log10, (2) ≥5.8 log10, (3) ≥3.5 log10
			Citric acid (2.4% w/w)		0.5 min	(1) ≥4.3 log10, (2) ≥3.0 log10, (3) ≥3.0 log10
			Ethanol (50% w/w)/QAC (0.082% w/w)		0.5–1.75 min	(1) ≥5.5 log10, (2) not performed, (3) ≥4.5 log10
			Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (0.0916%)		5 min	(1) ≥3.5 log10, (2) ≥4.8 log10, (3) not performed
			QAC (0.092% w/w)		2 min	(1) ≥3.3 log10, (2) ≥3.8 log10, (3) ≥4.0 log10
		HCoV-229E (1), SARS-CoV-2 (2)	QAC (0.077% w/w)	Suspension test	5 min	(1) Not performed (2) ≥4.1 log10
			Lactic acid (1.9% w/w)		5 min	(1) Not performed (2) ≥5.5 log10
			Hydrochloric acid (0.25% w/w)		0.5 min	(1) Not performed (2) ≥4.1 log10
			Sodium hypochlorite (0.14% w/w)		0.5 min	(1) Not performed (2) ≥5.1 log10
			Benzalkonium chloride (0.45% w/w)		5 min	(1) Not performed (2) ≥4.5 log10
			Ethanol (44% w/w)		5 min	(1) ≥4.0 log10 (2) ≥4.1 log10
			Sodium hypochlorite (0.32% w/w)		5 min	(1) Not performed (2) ≥5.1 log10
25	Messina et al. (2021)	SARS-CoV-2	UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box with lid - reflected light	Suspension test	3 min	4.70 log10	(-)
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box with lid		3 min	3.45 log10
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box with lid		6 min	5.53 log10
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box with lid		6 min	5.53 log10
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box with lid		10 min	5.70 log10
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box with lid		10 min	5.70 log10
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box without lid - direct light		3 min	4.62 log10
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box without lid		3 min	5.53 log10
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box without lid		10 min	5.70 log10
			UV irradiation chips (265–350 nm) box without lid		10 min	5.70 log10
26	Steinhauer et al. (2020)	Modified vaccinia virus Ankara	20% surface disinfectant - propan-2-ol, ethanol	Suspension test	15 s	∼0 log10	(-)
			90% surface disinfectant - propan-2-ol, ethanol		15 s	≥4.25 log10
		Vaccinia virus Elstree	80% surface disinfectant - QAC		30 s	≥4.32 log10
			80% surface disinfectant - QAC		60 s	≥4.51 log10
		SARS-CoV-2	20% surface disinfectant - propan-2-ol, ethanol		15 s	≥4.02 log10
			80% surface disinfectant - propan-2-ol, ethanol		15 s	≥4.02 log10
			20% surface disinfectant - QAC		15 s	≥4.02 log10
			20% surface disinfectant - QAC		60 s	≥3.17 log10
			80% surface disinfectant - QAC		15 s	≥4.38 log10
			80% surface disinfectant - QAC		30 s	≥4.38 log10
			80% surface disinfectant - QAC		60 s	≥2.17 log10
27	Trivellin et al. (2020)	SARS-CoV-2	UV-C LED (275 nm) spherical irradiation box	Football	1 min	>3 log10	(-)
					2 min	>3 log10
				Basketball	1 min	>3 log10
					2 min	>3 log10
				Volleyball	1 min	>3 log10
					2 min	>3 log10
28	Uppal et al. (2021)	HCoV-OC43	Ozone (20 ppm)	Glass	10 min	90.71%	(-)
			Ozone (25 ppm)		10 min	92.3245%
					15 min	99.99%
					20 min	100.00%
			Ozone (50 ppm)		10 min	99.987%
					15 min	99.985%
					20 min	100.00%

SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; MHV, mouse hepatitis virus; MERS-COV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; TGEV, transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus; HCoV, human coronavirus; ACOV, avian coronavirus; UV-C, ultraviolet C irradiation; UV-A, ultraviolet A irradiation; UV-LED, ultraviolet light emitting diode; Cu₂O/PU, cuprous oxide/polyurethane; TiO₂, titanium dioxide; TNP, TiO₂ nanoparticle; ABS plastic, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic.