Table III.
Results of disinfection methods used on biological surfaces
| Study | Virus | Disinfectant | Disinfection phase | Exposure time | Reduction of viral infectivity (log10) or (%) | Type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bidra et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | PVP-I 1.0% oral rinse | ST | 15 s and 30 s | ∼4.33 log10 | Oral |
| PVP-I 2.5% oral rinse | ∼4.33 log10 | ||||||
| PVP-I 3.0% oral rinse | ∼4.33 log10 | ||||||
| H2O2 3.0% | 1.33 log10 | ||||||
| H2O2 6.0% | 1 log10 | ||||||
| 2 | Bidra et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | PVP-I (3.0%) oral rinse antiseptic | ST | 30 s | 3.33 log10 | Oral |
| PVP-I (1.5%) oral rinse antiseptic | 3.33 log10 | ||||||
| PVP-I (1.0%) oral rinse antiseptic | 3.33 log10 | ||||||
| 3 | Eggers et al. (2015) | MERS-CoV | PVP-I surgical scrub (7.5 g/L available iodine) | ST | 15 s | 4.64 log10 | Skin and oral |
| PVP-I skin cleanser (4 g/L available iodine) | 4.97 log10 | ||||||
| PVP-I gargle and mouthwash (1 g/L available iodine) | 4.30 log10 | ||||||
| Modified vaccinia virus Ankara | PVP-I surgical scrub (7.5 g/L available iodine) | 15 s, 30 s and 60 s | ≥4.17 log10, ≥4.17 log10, ≥4.17 log10 | ||||
| PVP-I skin cleanser (4 g/L available iodine) | ≥4.00 log10, ≥4.00 log10, ≥4.00 log10 | ||||||
| PVP-I gargle and mouthwash (1 g/L available iodine) | ≥6.50 log10, ≥6.50 log10, ≥6.50 log10 | ||||||
| 4 | Frank et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | PVP-I nasal antiseptic 5.0% | Dilution test | 15 s and 30 s | 3 log10 (15 s), 3.33 log10 (30 s) | Respiratory tract |
| PVP-I nasal antiseptic 2.5% | 3 log 10 (15 s), 3.33 log10 (30 s) | ||||||
| PVP-I nasal antiseptic 1.0% | 3log10 (15 s), 3.33 log10 (30 s) | ||||||
| 5 | Gudmundsdottir et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV | Coldzyme (glycerol, water, cod trypsin, ethanol, calcium chloride, hydroxymethy, and menthol) | ST | 20 min | 1.76 log 10 (SARS-CoV-2), 2.88 log10 (HCoV) | Oral |
| 6 | Kratzel et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | Original WHO formulation I consists of 80% (vol/vol) ethanol, 1.45% (vol/vol) glycerol, and 0.125% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide | ST | 30 s | >3.8 log10 | Hands |
| Original WHO formulation II consists of 75% (vol/vol) 2-propanol, 1.45% (vol/vol) glycerol, and 0.125% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide | >3.8 log10 | ||||||
| Modified WHO formulation I consists of 80% (wt/wt) ethanol, 0.725% (vol/vol) glycerol, and 0.125% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide | >5.9 log10 | ||||||
| Modified isopropyl-based WHO formulation II contains 75% (wt/wt) 2-propanol, 0.725% (vol/vol) glycerol, and 0.125% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide | >5.9 log10 | ||||||
| 7 | Leslie et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | PURELL hand sanitizer gel, 70% ethanol (vol/vol) | ST | 30 s | ≥3.22 log10 | Hands |
| PURELL hand sanitizer foam, 70% ethanol (vol/vol) | ≥3.10 log10 | ||||||
| 8 | Liang et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | Povidone-iodine in-situ gel (polyvinylpyrrolidinone-iodine complex) (0.9%) | ST in tear fluid | 30 s, 2 min and 10 min | 3.5 log10 (30 s), 2.9 log10 (2 min), 3.3 log10 (10 min) | eyes |
| Povidone-iodine in-situ gel (polyvinylpyrrolidinone-iodine complex) (0.5%) | 3.2 log10 (30 s), 2.9 log10 (2 min), 3.3 log10 (10 min) | ||||||
| Povidone-iodine in-situ gel (polyvinylpyrrolidinone-iodine complex) (0.28%) | 2.2 log10 (30 s), 2.6 log10 (2 min), 3.3 log10 (10 min) | ||||||
| Povidone-iodine in-situ gel (polyvinylpyrrolidinone-iodine complex) (0.09%) | 1.2 log10 (30 s), 0.8 log10 (2 min), 1.0 log10 (10 min) | ||||||
| Povidone-iodine nasal spray (1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymers, iodine complex) (0.54%) | ST in nasal fluid | 3.1 log10 (30 s), 2.9 log10 (2 min), 3.3 log10 (10 min) | Respiratory tract | ||||
| Povidone-iodine nasal spray (1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymers, iodine complex) (0.3%) | 3.1 log10 (30 s), 2.9 log10 (2 min), 3.3 log10 (10 min) | ||||||
| Povidone-iodine nasal spray (1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymers, iodine complex) (0.17%) | 2.9 log10 (30 s), 2.9 log10 (2 min), 3.3 log10 (10 min) | ||||||
| Povidone-iodine nasal spray (1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymers, iodine complex) (0.05%) | 2.3 log10 (30 s), 1.9 log10 (2 min), 1.6 log10 (10 min) | ||||||
| 9 | Meister et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | Cavex oral pre rinse (hydrogen peroxide) | ST | 30 s | 0.33–0.78 log | Oral |
| Chlorhexamed Forte [chlorhexidinebis (D-gluconate)] | 0.78–1.17 log | ||||||
| Dequonal (dequalinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride) | ≥2.61–3.11 log | ||||||
| Dynexidine Forte 0.2% [chlorhexidinebis (D-gluconate)] | 0.50–0.56 log | ||||||
| Iso-betadine mouthwash 0% (polyvidone-iodine) | ≥2.61–3.11 log | ||||||
| Listerine cool mint (ethanol, essential oils) | ≥2.61–3.11 log | ||||||
| Octenident mouthwash (octenidine dihydrochloride) | 0.61–1.11 log | ||||||
| ProntOral mouthwash (polyaminopropyl biguanide (polyhexanide) | 0.61–≥1.78 log | ||||||
| 10 | Mukherjee et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | Soap bar with 67 total fatty matter | ST | 20 s | ≥3.14 log10 | Hands |
| Soap bar with 68 total fatty matter | 20 s | ≥3.06 log10 | |||||
| Soap bar with 72 total fatty matter | 20 s | ≥4.06 log10 | |||||
| Liquid cleansers with 10% surfactant w/w | 20 s | ≥3.10 log10 | |||||
| Liquid cleansers with 12% surfactant w/w | 10 s | ≥3.01 log10 | |||||
| Liquid cleansers with 19% surfactant w/w | 10 s | ≥3.42 log10 | |||||
| Alcohol-based sanitizers (60.5% alcohol w/w) | 10 s | ≥3.25 log10 | |||||
| Alcohol-based sanitizers (65% alcohol w/w) | 10 s | ≥4.01 log10 | |||||
| Alcohol-based sanitizers (95% alcohol w/w) | 15 s | ≥4.01 log10 | |||||
| 11 | Rabenau et al. (2005) | SARS-CoV | Sterillium (45% iso-propanol, 30% n-propanol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulphate) | ST | 30 s | ≥4.25 log10 | Hands |
| Sterillium rub (80% ethanol) | ≥4.25 log10 | ||||||
| {Gopal, 2020 #204} | ≥5.5 log10 | ||||||
| Sterillium Virugard (95% ethanol) | ≥5.5 log10 | ||||||
| 12 | Hirose et al. (2020) | IAV | 80% EA (ethanol) | ST and HS | ST (5 s, 15 s and 60 s)/HS (5 s, 15 s and 60 s) | ST (>4.10, >4.11, >4.07 log)/HS (>4.12, >4.16, >4.16 log) | Skin |
| 60% EA | ST (>4.10, >4.11, >4.07 log)/HS (>4.12, >4.16, >4.16 log) | ||||||
| 40% EA | ST (>4.10, >4.11, >4.07 log)/HS (>4.12, >4.16, >4.16 log) | ||||||
| 20% EA | ST (∼0.09, ∼0.07, ∼0.06 log)/HS (∼0.73, ∼0.85, ∼0.88 log) | ||||||
| 70% IPA (isopropanol) | ST (>4.10, >4.11, >4.07 log)/HS (>4.12, >4.16, >4.16 log) | ||||||
| 0.2% CHG (chlorhexidine gluconate) | ST (∼0.08, ∼0.17, ∼0.19 log)/HS (∼0.74, ∼0.95, ∼1.02 log) | ||||||
| 1.0% CHG | ST (∼0.23, ∼0.24, ∼0.40 log)/HS (∼2.85, ∼3.25, ∼3.39 log) | ||||||
| 0.05% BAC (benzalkonium chloride) | ST (∼0.69, ∼1.78, ∼2.71 log)/HS (∼0.78, ∼1.04, ∼1.23 log) | ||||||
| 0.2% BAC | ST (∼2–43, ∼2.34, >4.07 log)/HS (∼1.64, ∼2.85, ∼3.24 log) | ||||||
| SARS-CoV-2 | 80% EA | ST (>4.50, >4.50, >4.50 log)/HS (>4.19, >4.17, >4.14 log) | |||||
| 60% EA | ST (>4.50, >4.50, >4.50 log)/HS (>4.19, >4.17, >4.14 log) | ||||||
| 40% EA | ST (>4.50, >4.50, >4.50 log)/HS (>4.19, >4.17, >4.14 log) | ||||||
| 20% EA | ST (∼0.08, ∼0.25, ∼0.33 log)/HS (∼0.53, ∼0.61, ∼0.81 log) | ||||||
| 70% IPA | ST (>4.50, >4.50, >4.50 log)/HS (>4.19, >4.17, >4.14 log) | ||||||
| 0.2% CHG | ST (∼0.33, ∼0.42, ∼0.58 log)/HS (∼2.19, ∼2.31, ∼2.42 log) | ||||||
| 1.0% CHG | ST (∼1.00, ∼1.42, ∼1.83 log)/HS (∼2.62, ∼2.94, ∼3.17 log) | ||||||
| 0.05% BAC | ST (∼1.33, ∼1.75, ∼2.17 log)/HS (∼2.03, ∼2.19, ∼2.36 log) | ||||||
| 0.2% BAC | ST (∼1.83, ∼2.42, ∼3.00 log)/HS (∼2.72, ∼2.97, ∼3.19 log) | ||||||
| 13 | Huang et al. (2020) | Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection | Chlorhexidine oral rinse (15 mL) | Oral and oropharyngeal cavity | 30 s twice a day for 4 days | 37.9% positive SARS-CoV-2 test, 62.1% negative test | Oral and oropharyngeal cavity |
| without exposure | (-) | 94.5% positive SARS-CoV-2 test, 5.5% negative test | |||||
| Chlorhexidine oral rinse (15 mL) + oropharyngeal spray (1.5 mL) | 30 s oral rinse + spray, twice a day for 4 days | 14.0% positive SARS-CoV-2 test, 80% negative test | |||||
| without exposure | (-) | 93.8% positive SARS-CoV-2 test, 6.2% negative test | |||||
| 14 | Ijaz et al. (2020) | HCoV-229E (1), SARS-CoV-2 (2) | Bar soap PCMX - (0.090% w/w) | ST | 0.5–1 min | (1) ≥3.3 log10, (2) ≥4.1 log10 | Hands |
| Liquid gel handwash - salicylic acid (0.025% w/w) | 0.5–1 min | (1) ≥3.6 log10, (2) ≥3.6 log10 | |||||
| Foaming handwash - benzalkonium chloride (0.025% w/w) | 1 min | (1) ≥3.3 log10, (2) ≥3.4 log10 | |||||
| Foaming handwash - salicylic acid (0.023% w/w) | 0.5–1 min | (1) ≥3.5 log10, (2) ≥5.0 log10 | |||||
| Antiseptic liquid - PCMX (0.021% w/v) | 5 min | (1) ≥5.2 log10, (2) ≥4.7 log10 | |||||
| Hand sanitizer gel - ethanol (53% w/w) | 1 min | (1) ≥5.4 log10, (2) ≥4.2 log10 | |||||
| Hand sanitizer gel - citric acid (1.5% w/w), lactic acid (0.41% w/w) | 0.5–1 min | (1) ≥5.2log10, (2) ≥4.7 log10 | |||||
| 15 | Steinhauer et al. (2020) | Modified vaccinia virus Ankara | 20% hand disinfectant - propan-2-ol | ST | 15 s | ∼0.17 log10 | Hands |
| 80% hand disinfectant - propan-2-ol | 15 s | ≥4.19 log10 | |||||
| SARS-CoV-2 | 20% hand disinfectant - propan-2-ol | 15 s | ≥4.02 log10 | ||||
| 20% hand disinfectant - propan-2-ol | 30 s | ≥3.02 log10 | |||||
| 80% hand disinfectant - propan-2-ol | 15 s | ≥2.02 log10 | |||||
| 80% hand disinfectant - propan-2-ol | 30 s | ≥4.38 log10 | |||||
| 16 | Steinhauer et al. (2020) | SARS-CoV-2 | 80% chlorhexidine bis-(D-gluconate) 0.1 g | ST | 5–10 min | <1.00 log10 | Oral |
| 80% chlorhexidine bis-(D-gluconate) 0.2 g | 1–5 min | <1.00 log10 | |||||
| 80% 0.1 g octenidine dihydrochloride, 2 g phenoxyethanol | 15 s | ≥4.00 log10 | |||||
| 80% 0.1 g octenidine dihydrochloride, 2 g phenoxyethanol | 30 s | ≥4.00 log10 | |||||
| 80% 0.1 g octenidine dihydrochloride, 2 g phenoxyethanol | 1 min | ≥4.00 log10 | |||||
| 20% 0.1 g octenidine dihydrochloride, 2 g phenoxyethanol | 15 s | ≥4.00 log10 |
SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; HCoV, human coronavirus; PVP-I, povidone-iodine; WHO, World Health Organization; ST, suspension test; HS, human skin.