Fig. 2.

Employment rate evolution, by immigration status (A) and gender (B). Evolution of employment rate before and after the Covid-19 pandemic period for different survey series. We measured employment rate as the proportion of people employed divided by the population older than 15 years old on each survey. Panel A splits each sample by the respondent’s immigration status, and panel B splits each sample by respondent’s gender. The vertical dashed line marks the beginning of the pandemic in Chile. ENE monthly surveys show the evolution of a subsample of respondents who reported less than complete secondary education and resided in municipalities with at least one informal settlement. Information on informal dwellers was obtained from Techo-Panel Survey 2019–2020